Table 1.
Participant Characteristics
| Variable* | No ED Visits N=186 |
Any ED Visits N=164 |
Total N=350 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Age, Median (IQR) | 58 (54–62) | 58 (54–61) | 58 (54–61) |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 143 (76.9) | 127 (77.4) | 270 (77.1) |
| Race | |||
| Black | 148 (79.6) | 131 (79.9) | 279 (79.7) |
| Non-Black | 38 (20.4) | 33 (20.1) | 71 (20.3) |
| Education | |||
| Completed High School or GED Degree | 138 (74.2) | 122 (74.4) | 260 (74.3) |
| Monthly Income (All Sources) | |||
| $0 to $150 | 49 (26.9) | 39 (24.0) | 88 (25.6) |
| $151 to $700 | 52 (28.6) | 32 (19.8) | 84 (24.4) |
| $701 to $1150 | 67 (36.8) | 71 (43.8) | 138 (40.1) |
| Over $1150 | 14 (7.7) | 20 (12.4) | 34 (9.9) |
| At-risk Substance Use, Past 6 Months | |||
| Alcohola | 50 (26.9) | 40 (24.5) | 90 (25.8) |
| Cocaine, Opioids, or Amphetaminesb | 81 (43.5) | 96 (58.5) | 177 (50.6) |
| Residential Statusc | |||
| Cohabiter | 31 (16.7) | 26 (15.9) | 57 (16.3) |
| Multiple Institution User | 49 (26.3) | 39 (23.8) | 88 (25.1) |
| Newly Homeless/Renters | 26 (14.0) | 17 (10.4) | 43 (12.3) |
| Unsheltered | 80 (43.0) | 82 (50.0) | 162 (46.3) |
| Mental Health Status | |||
| PTSDd | 58 (31.2) | 56 (34.1) | 114 (32.6) |
| Moderate to Severe Depressive Symptomatologye | 89 (48.4) | 96 (58.9) | 185 (53.3) |
| History of Hallucinations, Violent Impulses, Suicide Attempt | 115 (62.2) | 112 (68.3) | 227 (65.0) |
| Past Mental Health Hospitalization | 24 (12.9) | 42 (25.6) | 66 (18.9) |
| Functional Status and Cognition | |||
| Any ADL Impairmentf | 64 (34.4) | 72 (43.9) | 136 (38.9) |
| Lower Extremity Functioning Impairmentg | 102 (55.4) | 99 (61.9) | 201 (58.4) |
| Cognitive Impairmenth | 44(23.7) | 46 (28.2) | 90 (25.8) |
| Instrumental Social Supporti | |||
| None | 62 (33.7) | 54 (33.3) | 116 (33.5) |
| Self-Rated Health Statusj | |||
| Poor or Fair Health | 99 (53.2) | 96 (58.5) | 195 (55.7) |
| Medical Conditionk | |||
| Hypertension | 100 (54.1) | 95 (58.3) | 195 (56.0) |
| Diabetes | 23 (12.4) | 26 (15.9) | 49 (14.0) |
| Asthma/Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | 39 (21.0) | 53 (32.3) | 92 (26.3) |
| Cancer | 8 (4.3) | 13 (7.9) | 21 (6.0) |
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus | 10 (5.5) | 9 (5.6) | 19 (5.5) |
| Coronary Artery Disease/Myocardial Infarction | 12 (6.5) | 20 (12.2) | 32 (9.1) |
| Stroke | 16 (8.6) | 23 (14.1) | 39 (11.2) |
| Congestive Heart Failure | 12 (6.5) | 13 (7.9) | 25 (7.1) |
| Oral Painl | |||
| Occasionally/Fairly Often/Very Often | 68 (36.6) | 72 (43.9) | 140 (40.0) |
| Pain, past weekm | |||
| Mild to Moderate | 57 (30.6) | 30 (18.5) | 87 (25.0) |
| Severe | 57 (30.6) | 80 (49.4) | 137 (39.4) |
| Health Care Utilization | |||
| Regular Health Care Location | 129 (69.4) | 123 (75.0) | 252 (72.0) |
| Regular Health Care Provider | 95 (51.4) | 89 (54.6) | 184 (52.9) |
| Abuse, Past 6 Months | |||
| Physicaln | 13 (7.1) | 22(13.5) | 35 (10.1) |
| Sexualo | 5 (2.7) | 1 (0.6) | 6 (1.7) |
| Jail or Prison, Past 6 Months | 21 (11.3) | 16 (9.8) | 37 (10.6) |
| Any Health Insurance Coveragep | 139 (39.9) | 138 (85.2) | 277 (79.6) |
Data presented as N (%) unless otherwise noted
At-risk alcohol use defined as Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) score ≥8
At-risk drug use defined as Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) score ≥4
Residential status defined as primary living environment in the past 6 months as determined using cluster analysis; Overall (Type 3) p-value = 0.021
Post-traumatic stress disorder defined as a PTSD Screen score of ≥3
Moderate to severe depressive symptomatology defined as a Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score of ≥22
ADL, activities of daily living, impairment defined as self-reported difficulty performing 1 or more ADLs
Lower extremity functioning impairment defined as Short Performance Physical Battery score of ≤10
Cognitive impairment defined as Modified Mini-Mental State Examination score below the 7th percentile (i.e., 1.5 standard deviations below the demographically-adjusted cohort mean)
Instrumental social support defined as having anyone who would lend money or offer a place to stay if needed
Self-rated health status assessed using Ware, et al. 1-item health screen
Medical conditions assessed by self-report of having received a diagnosis from a physician or positive test result for HIV
Oral pain defined as having pain anywhere in the mouth in the past 6 months
Pain assessed using the Brief Pain Inventory; none (0), mild to moderate (1–7), severe (8–10); Overall (Type 3) p-value = 0.021
Physical abuse defined as experiencing physical violence perpetrated by another person using an object or being slapped, hit, punched, kicked, choked, or burned
Sexual abuse defined as being pressured or forced to have sexual contact, to do something sexual, or to have sex
Health insurance coverage includes Medicaid; Medicare; Alameda HealthPAC, a county-run health plan covering low-income residents not eligible for Medicaid; or any other kind of private or public health plan