. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Mar 18.

Published in final edited form as: Br J Nutr. 2013 Apr 16;110(8):1534–1547. doi: 10.1017/S0007114513000792

Table 2.

Insulin and other disease risk biomarkers over 4 months

	Baseline		1 month		3 months			4 months

Parameters^*	Geometric mean	95% CI	LOCF	95% CI	LOCF	95% CI	P	LOCF	95% CI	P
Insulin (pmol/l)							0·018^†			0·152^‡
IECR	43·2	35·4, 52·8	35·4	29·4, 43·2	34·8	28·8, 42·6	0·017^§	34·2	28·2, 41·4
IECR+PF	50·4	42·6, 60·0	46·2	37·8, 55·8	42·6	36·0, 50·4	0·176^‖	45·0	38·4, 52·2
DER	49·8	42·0, 59·4	47·4	39·6, 57·0	49·8	41·4, 60·6		45·0	36·6, 54·6
HOMA insulin resistance							0·021^†			0·173^‡
IECR	1·6	1·3, 1·9	1·3	1·0, 1·5	1·2	1·0, 1·5	0·02^§	1·2	1·0, 1·5
IECR + PF	1·9	1·5, 2·2	1·7	1·4, 2·1	1·6	1·3, 1·9	0·21^‖	1·6	1·4, 1·9
DER	1·8	1·5, 2·2	1·7	1·4, 2·1	1·8	1·5, 2·3		1·6	1·3, 2·0
HbA1c (mmol/mol)							0·857^†			–
IECR	34·6	33·4, 35·8	–		34·9	33·9, 36·0		–
IECR + PF	36·4	35·1, 37·7	–		36·5	35·4, 37·6		–
DER	36·7	35·6, 37·9	–		36·6	35·6, 37·7		–
Glucose (mmol/l)							0·752^†			0·777^‡
IECR
Mean	4·9		4·8		4·8			4·8
95% CI	4·7, 5·0		4·6, 5·0		4·6, 5·0			4·6, 5·0
IECR + PF
Mean	5·0		5·0		4·9			4·9
95% CI	4·8, 5·1		4·8, 5·1		4·8, 5·1			4·7, 5·1
DER
Mean	5·0		5·0		5·0			4·9
95% CI	4·8, 5·1		4·8, 5·1		4·8, 5·1			4·7, 5·0
IGF-1 (ng/ml)							0·965^†			0·467^‡
IECR	154·8	133·0, 180·0	142·3	119·3, 177·7	148·8	124·6, 177·7		148·5	127·6, 172·9
IECR + PF	145·0	123·5, 170·1	144·4	121·5, 171·7	142·8	120·3, 169·5		143·6	121·2, 170·0
DER	112·1	94·9, 132·4	119·0	102·1, 138·6	118·6	102·4, 137·5		116·6	100·0, 135·9
IL-6 (pg/ml)							0·705^¶			0·884^**
IECR
Median	2·71		2·33		2·37			2·77
95% CI	1·97, 3·11		1·72, 3·06		1·94, 2·80			2·09, 3·34
IECR + PF
Median	2·80		2·81		2·41			2·42
95% CI	2·02, 3·25		2·32, 3·70		1·92, 3·17			2·16, 2·94
DER
Median	2·73		2·62		2·53			2·58
95% CI	2·05, 3·38		1·99, 3·38		2·17, 3·28			2·04, 3·21
TNF-α (pg/ml)							0·096^¶			0·211^**
IECR
Median	7·29		7·82		7·70			7·96
95% CI	5·80, 8·48		5·20, 9·31		6·18, 9·60			6·13, 9·18
IECR + PF
Median	6·73		6·01		6·73			6·12
95% CI	6·09, 8·77		5·11, 8·12		5·69, 7·79			4·98, 8·12
DER
Median	7·42		7·50		6·96			6·59
95% CI	5·02, 9·36		5·96, 9·18		5·28, 9·16			5·60, 7·75
Plasma 30HB (µm)							0·608^¶			0·605^**
IECR
Median	335·6		423·5		384·2			388·2
95% CI	289·3, 364·5		343·5, 466·3		345·6, 461·2			323·5, 435·7
IECR+PF
Median	349·7		387·0		357·5			352·7
95% CI	303·7, 391·1		352·7, 493·0		315·4, 422·9			323·2, 384·0
DER
Median	341·7		369·2		339·7			359·0
95% CI	315·9, 357·6		340·5, 399·0		318·4, 376·7			332·9, 395·4
Plasma AOPP (µm)							0·819^†			0·087^‡
IECR
Mean	273·6		293·2		290·8			296·5
95% CI	221·9, 325·2		242·1, 344·2		249·1, 332·6			244·5, 348·4
IECR + PF
Mean	313·5		313·5		331·9			316·5
95% CI	262·8, 364·2		258·2, 368·7		279·8, 384·0			263·0, 369·9
DER
Mean	315·3		298·1		328·1			282·5
95% CI	265·4, 365·1		251·6, 344·6		287·2, 369·1			235·7, 329·4
Leptin (ng/ml)							0·075^†			0·057^‡
IECR	29·3	24·6, 34·9	18·4	14·9, 22·8	16·7	13·4, 20·9		16·3	12·8, 20·7
IECR + PF	34·8	28·0, 43·3	24·0	18·1, 31·9	22·4	16·9, 29·5		24·8	19·3, 31·8
DER	35·5	29·9, 42·2	25·0	20·1, 31·0	25·4	19·9, 32·4		26·5	20·9, 33·6
Adiponectin (µg/ml)							0·464^†			0·456^‡
IECR	13·8	9·8, 19·3	12·2	8·4, 17·6	13·6	9·7, 19·0		15·0	10·8, 20·8
IECR + PF	13·1	9·0, 19·2	12·4	8·5, 17·9	13·2	9·4, 18·6		12·7	9·0, 17·8
DER	11·2	8·5, 14·8	9·0	6·5, 12·4	10·2	7·8, 13·2		10·6	8·1, 13·7
Leptin:adiponectin ratio							0·325^¶			0·094^**
IECR
Median	1·3		1·2		1·0			1·0
95% CI	1·1, 1·6		0·9, 1·5		0·8, 1·3			0·8, 1·1
IECR + PF
Median	1·5		1·4		1·3			1·5
95% CI	1·1, 1·7		1·1, 1·8		1·0, 1·6			1·0, 1·7
DER
Median	1·6		1·4		1·4			1·4
95% CI	1·3, 1·7		1·1, 1·7		1·2, 1·7			1·2, 1·6
Cholesterol (mmol/l)							0·587^†			0·835^‡
IECR
Mean	5·27		4·83		5·02			5·07
95% CI	4·95, 5·59		4·52, 5·14		4·68, 5·35			4·73, 5·42
IECR + PF
Mean	5·73		5·37		5·50			5·49
95% CI	5·33, 6·13		4·99, 5·74		5·11, 5·90			5·10, 5·88
DER
Mean	5·32		5·08		5·17			5·26
95% CI	4·99, 5·65		4·80, 5·37		4·89, 5·46			5·00, 5·52
TAG (mmol/l)							0·243^†			0·356^‡
IECR	0·99	0·85, 1·15	0·84	0·74, 0·94	0·85	0·74, 0·97		0·90	0·80, 1·03
IECR + PF	1·07	0·92, 1·23	0·95	0·83, 1·08	0·94	0·81, 1·08		0·92	0·80, 1·05
DER	1·09	0·94, 1·25	1·00	0·87, 1·15	1·01	0·89, 1·16		1·01	0·89, 1·16
HDL (mmol/l)							0·262^†			0·104^‡
IECR	1·39	1·26, 1·54	1·27	1·16, 1·39	1·37	1·24, 1·51		1·36	1·22, 1·50
IECR+PF	1·42	1·33, 1·52	1·34	1·25, 1·45	1·37	1·27, 1·48		1·44	1·34, 1·55
DER	1·32	1·23, 1·42	1·22	1·13, 1·32	1·34	1·25, 1·44		1·35	1·25, 1·46
LDL (mmol/l)							0·793^†			0·584^‡
IECR
Mean	3·31		3·11		3·17			3·21
95% CI	3·01, 3·61		2·82, 3·40		2·86, 3·49			2·91, 3·52
IECR + PF
Mean	3·74		3·51		3·62			3·56
95% CI	3·36, 4·12		3·14, 3·88		3·23, 4·02			3·19, 3·93
DER
Mean	3·35		3·28		3·25			3·31
95% CI	3·06, 3·63		3·03, 3·54		3·01, 3·50			3·07, 3·54
Total cholesterol: HDL-cholesterol ratio							0·302^†			0·041^‡
IECR	3·73	3·34, 4·16	3·75	3·41, 4·13	3·60	3·23, 4·00		3·67	3·31, 4·08
IECR + PF	3·95	3·62, 4·31	3·94	3·60, 4·31	3·94	3·58, 4·34		3·74	3·44, 4·07
DER	3·95	3·61, 4·33	4·11	3·77, 4·49	3·80	3·50, 4·12		3·85	3·52, 4·21
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)							0·21^†			0·05^‡
IECR
Median	114·9		112·2		110·7			111·9
95% CI	111, 125		109, 116		108, 115			108, 118
IECR + PF
Median	129·5		111·7		113·3			112·8
95% CI	115, 138		109, 120		108, 120			108, 121
DER
Median	124·0		119·0		114·0			113·3
95% CI	116, 131		110, 125		106, 124			107, 125

LOCF, last observation carried forward; IECR, intermittent energy and carbohydrate restriction; IECR + PF, IECR + ad libitum protein and fat; DER, daily energy restriction; HOMA, homeostasis model assessment; HbA1c, glycated Hb; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; 30HB, β-hydroxybutyrate; AOPP, advanced oxidation protein products.

IECR (n 37), IECR + PF (n 38) and DER (n 40).

^†

ANCOVA between the three groups for LOCF at 3 months adjusted for baseline values.

^‡

ANCOVA between the three groups for LOCF at 4 months adjusted for 3-month LOCF values.

^§

ANCOVA between IECR and DER for LOCF at 3 months adjusted for baseline values with Bonferroni adjustment.

^‖

ANCOVA between IECR + PF and DER for LOCF at 3 months adjusted for baseline values.

^¶

Kruskal–Wallis between the three groups for the change from baseline to LOCF at 3 months.

^**

Kruskal–Wallis between the three groups for the change from LOCF at 3 months to LOCF at 4 months.