Table 1.
A selective review of studies where both viewing of a trauma film and monitoring of intrusive memories took place within the laboratory
| Study | N | Design | IV of primary interest | Timing of IV | Intrusive memory sampling in the laboratory (DV: Frequency of occurrence of intrusions) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peri-intrusion duration | Estimation method by the participant | Trigger cues | Ongoing task | Timing of the peri-intrusion period within the experimental design | |||||
| Type 1: rest periods | |||||||||
| Wilksch and Nixon [36] | 49 | Correlational | Prior negative cognitions | – | 5 min | Real time | – | – | Day 1: soon after film and Day 8 |
| Hawkin and Couglas [37] | 54 | Experimental | Acute nicotine administration | Before film | 5 min | Real time | – | – | Day 1: soon after film |
| Clark et al. [38] | 35 | Experimental | Button presses associated with intrusions | After film | 6 min | Real time | – | – | Day 1: soon after film |
| Type 2: trigger cues | |||||||||
| Schaich et al. [41] | 66 | Experimental | Abstract/concrete processing | Before film | 5 min | Retrospective | Visual | – | Day 1: soon after IV |
| Ehring et al. [42] | 101 | Experimental | Abstract/concrete processing and distraction | After film | 5 min | Retrospective | Visual and auditory | – | Day 1: soon after film |
| Morina et al. [31] | 67 | Correlational | Trait general use of imagery | – | 2 min | Retrospective | – | – | Day 1: soon after film |
| Wegerer et al. [43] | 66 | Experimental | Conditioned and unconditioned cues | After film | 3 min | Retrospective | Auditory | – | Day 1: 30 min after film |
| Marks and Zoellner [44] | 148 | Experimental | Extinction procedures | After film | 25 s | Retrospective | Auditory | – | Day 3 |
| Malik et al. [45] | 110 | Correlational | Hypomanic experiences | – | 2 min | Real time | Visual | – | Day 8 |
| Lang et al. [46] | 48 | Experimental | Cognitive bias modification procedure | Before film | 2 min | Real time | Visual | – | Day 8 |
| James et al. [18], Exp 1 | 52 | Experimental | Reminder plus Tetris game play procedure | After film | 2 min | Real time | Visual | – | Day 8 |
| James et al. [18], Exp 2 | 76 | Experimental | Reminder plus Tetris game play procedure | After film | 2 min | Real time | Visual | – | Day 8 |
| James et al. [47] | 56 | Experimental | Tetris game play procedure | Before film | 2 min | Real time | Visual | – | Day 8 |
| Type 3: ongoing tasks | |||||||||
| Verwoerd et al. [48] | 45 | Experimental | Attentional training | After film | 3 min | Real time | – | Focus on breathing | Day 1: soon after IV |
| Marks et al. [44] | 49 | Correlational | Analogous psychotic experiences | – | 4 min | Real time | – | Digit monitoring | Day 1: soon after film |
| Nixon et al. [50] | 120 | Experimental | Thought suppression and cognitive load | After film | 5 min | Real time | – | Suppression and/or cognitive load | Day 1: soon after film and Day 8 |
| Nixon et al. [51] | 80 | Experimental | Thought suppression and cognitive load | After film | 5 min | Real time | – | Suppression and/or cognitive load | Day 1: soon after film and Day 8 |
Studies are presented in the order as they appeared in the main text. Peri-intrusion means during intrusion monitoring
N number of participants in the main analyses, IV independent variable, DV dependent variable