Figure 1.

Immunosuppressive action of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF). TNF can exert its immunosuppressive activity by intrinsic negative effect on conventional T cells (Tconvs) activation or by boosting suppressive cells, such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) or regulatory T cells (Tregs). On Tconvs, long-term effect of TNF may promote killing, exhaustion, or TCR inactivation. On MDSC, TNF may boost their activity by promoting their survival, local recruitment, or suppressive function. On Tregs, TNF may promote their proliferation, survival, and stability.