Table 1.
Intervention | Existing reviews | RCT* | Comparator |
Acceptance and commitment therapy | Ongoing Cochrane review42 | – | TAU, pharmacological intervention and another psychosocial intervention |
Adherence interventions | Gray et al 43 | 6 | TAU and didactic health education |
Active comparisons (befriending, CBT, cognitive remediation, psychoeducation, social skills training, supportive counselling) | Turner et al 10 | 48 | Befriending, CBT, cognitive remediation, psychoeducation, social skills training, supportive counselling, family intervention, art therapy, body psychotherapy, occupational therapy and problem-solving therapy |
Art therapy | Ruddy and Milnes6 | 2 | Standard care |
Assertive community treatment | Marshall and Lockwood44 | 20† | TAU, hospital-based rehabilitation and case management |
Befriending | – | ||
Bibliotherapy | – | ||
Body-oriented psychological therapy | – | ||
Case management | Dieterich et al 45 | 40† | Assertive community treatment, assertive outreach model, case management model and standard community care |
CBT | Zimmermann et al (positive symptoms)9 | 15 | Waiting-list, TAU or another therapeutic treatment |
Jones et al 7 | 20 | Active (psychoeducation, family intervention, supportive psychotherapy, supportive counselling, cognitive remediation) and non-active control treatments (recreation and support, social activities, befriending and non-specific counselling) | |
Jauhar et al 46 | 52 | Waiting-list, TAU or an intervention designed to control for the non-specific effects of psychotherapy (recreation and support, group support, befriending, supportive counselling/therapy, social activity therapy and goal-focused supportive contact) or active treatments (cognitive remediation and psychoeducation) | |
Van der Gaag et al (individually tailored)47 | 18 | Any control condition was accepted | |
Hazell et al (low intensity)48 | 8 | TAU and supportive psychotherapy | |
Kennedy and Xyrichis (auditory hallucinations)49 | 2 | Non-specialised therapy (focused on supportive interactions and social integration) | |
Cognitive remediation | Cella et al 50 | 45 | TAU, active control (eg, computer games) another active treatment (eg, CBT) |
Dance therapy | Ren and Xia51 | 1 | Standard care plus supportive counselling |
Family interventions | Pitschel-Walz et al 52 | 25 | TAU, patient intervention, other family interventions |
Pharoah et al 53 | 25 | TAU, discussion groups, psychoeducation, supportive psychotherapy, psychosocial support | |
Group psychotherapeutic treatments | Orfanos et al 54 | 34 | TAU and other groups (active discussion group, support group, counselling group, occupational therapy group or problem-solving discussion group) |
IPT | Roder et al 55 | 16 | TAU, placebo-attention condition and other active treatments |
Psychological and psychosocial interventions for negative symptoms in psychosis | Lutgens et al 8 | 95 | TAU and active comparator (including psychoeducation, supportive therapy and cognitive remediation) |
Metacognitive training | Eichner and Berna56 | 12 | TAU, wait-list control, supportive therapy, newspaper discussion group, CogPack (=cognitive remediation) |
Mindfulness | Aust and Bradshaw57 | 11† | Active control intervention (eg, befriending and progressive muscle relaxation) and TAU |
Music therapy | Geretsegger et al 58 | 18 | Placebo defined as an alternative therapy designed to control for effects of the therapist’s attention; TAU or no treatment |
Psychodynamic therapy | Malmberg and Fenton59 | 4 | Reality adaptive, supportive psychotherapy, hospital comparison, ataraxic drugs, electro convulsive therapy, Milieu therapy and individual versus group |
Psychoeducation | Pekkala and Merinder60 | 10 | TAU, supportive psychotherapy, behavioural intervention and leisure-time group |
Social skills training | Almerie et al 61 | 13 | TAU, structured activities, discussion group, interaction group, and no treatment control |
Supportive therapy | Buckley et al 62 | 24 | Standard care, any other treatment (biological, psychological or social) such as medication, problem-solving therapy, psychoeducation, social skills training, CBT, family therapy or psychodynamic psychotherapy |
Systemic therapy | Pinquart et al 5 | 7 | No treatment |
*Number of RCTs on patients with schizophrenia.
†RCTs about patients with severe mental illness including schizophrenia.
CBT, cognitive–behavioural therapy; IPT, integrated psychological therapy; RCT, randomised controlled trial; TAU, treatment as usual.