Table 1.

Existing reviews about psychological treatments for schizophrenia

Intervention	Existing reviews	RCT*	Comparator
Acceptance and commitment therapy	Ongoing Cochrane review42	–	TAU, pharmacological intervention and another psychosocial intervention
Adherence interventions	Gray et al 43	6	TAU and didactic health education
Active comparisons (befriending, CBT, cognitive remediation, psychoeducation, social skills training, supportive counselling)	Turner et al 10	48	Befriending, CBT, cognitive remediation, psychoeducation, social skills training, supportive counselling, family intervention, art therapy, body psychotherapy, occupational therapy and problem-solving therapy
Art therapy	Ruddy and Milnes6	2	Standard care
Assertive community treatment	Marshall and Lockwood44	20†	TAU, hospital-based rehabilitation and case management
Befriending	–
Bibliotherapy	–
Body-oriented psychological therapy	–
Case management	Dieterich et al 45	40†	Assertive community treatment, assertive outreach model, case management model and standard community care
CBT	Zimmermann et al (positive symptoms)9	15	Waiting-list, TAU or another therapeutic treatment
	Jones et al 7	20	Active (psychoeducation, family intervention, supportive psychotherapy, supportive counselling, cognitive remediation) and non-active control treatments (recreation and support, social activities, befriending and non-specific counselling)
	Jauhar et al 46	52	Waiting-list, TAU or an intervention designed to control for the non-specific effects of psychotherapy (recreation and support, group support, befriending, supportive counselling/therapy, social activity therapy and goal-focused supportive contact) or active treatments (cognitive remediation and psychoeducation)
	Van der Gaag et al (individually tailored)47	18	Any control condition was accepted
	Hazell et al (low intensity)48	8	TAU and supportive psychotherapy
	Kennedy and Xyrichis (auditory hallucinations)49	2	Non-specialised therapy (focused on supportive interactions and social integration)
Cognitive remediation	Cella et al 50	45	TAU, active control (eg, computer games) another active treatment (eg, CBT)
Dance therapy	Ren and Xia51	1	Standard care plus supportive counselling
Family interventions	Pitschel-Walz et al 52	25	TAU, patient intervention, other family interventions
	Pharoah et al 53	25	TAU, discussion groups, psychoeducation, supportive psychotherapy, psychosocial support
Group psychotherapeutic treatments	Orfanos et al 54	34	TAU and other groups (active discussion group, support group, counselling group, occupational therapy group or problem-solving discussion group)
IPT	Roder et al 55	16	TAU, placebo-attention condition and other active treatments
Psychological and psychosocial interventions for negative symptoms in psychosis	Lutgens et al 8	95	TAU and active comparator (including psychoeducation, supportive therapy and cognitive remediation)
Metacognitive training	Eichner and Berna56	12	TAU, wait-list control, supportive therapy, newspaper discussion group, CogPack (=cognitive remediation)
Mindfulness	Aust and Bradshaw57	11†	Active control intervention (eg, befriending and progressive muscle relaxation) and TAU
Music therapy	Geretsegger et al 58	18	Placebo defined as an alternative therapy designed to control for effects of the therapist’s attention; TAU or no treatment
Psychodynamic therapy	Malmberg and Fenton59	4	Reality adaptive, supportive psychotherapy, hospital comparison, ataraxic drugs, electro convulsive therapy, Milieu therapy and individual versus group
Psychoeducation	Pekkala and Merinder60	10	TAU, supportive psychotherapy, behavioural intervention and leisure-time group
Social skills training	Almerie et al 61	13	TAU, structured activities, discussion group, interaction group, and no treatment control
Supportive therapy	Buckley et al 62	24	Standard care, any other treatment (biological, psychological or social) such as medication, problem-solving therapy, psychoeducation, social skills training, CBT, family therapy or psychodynamic psychotherapy
Systemic therapy	Pinquart et al 5	7	No treatment

*Number of RCTs on patients with schizophrenia.

†RCTs about patients with severe mental illness including schizophrenia.

CBT, cognitive–behavioural therapy; IPT, integrated psychological therapy; RCT, randomised controlled trial; TAU, treatment as usual.