Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the no impairment, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia groups
| Variable | Total sample, N = 161 | No impairment, N = 81 | Mild cognitive impairment, N = 52 | Dementia, N = 28 | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean (SD), [range, years] | 73.4 (7.9), [60–95] | 70.5 (7.8), [60–94] | 75.6 (6.8), [61–95] | 77.5 (7.1), [62–87] | <.001 |
| Gender (female), frequency (%) | 99 (61) | 52 (64) | 31 (60) | 16 (57) | .76 |
| Education > HS, frequency (%) | 132 (81) | 77 (95) | 41 (79) | 14 (50) | <.001 |
| Race/ethnicity (white), frequency (%) | 131 (90) | 64 (86) | 42 (93) | 25 (93) | .48 |
| Mini–Mental State Examination, mean (SD), [range] | 27.1 (3.5), [13–30] | 29.2 (1.2), [24–30] | 26.4 (2.7), [18–30] | 22.5 (4.1), [13–28] | <.001 |
| Family history of dementia (yes), frequency (%) | 79/131 (56) | 41/71 (58) | 22/44 (50) | 16/26 (62) | .6 |
| GDS, mean (SD), [range] | 2.2 (2.4), [0–12] | 1.5 (1.7), [0–7] | 2.6 (2.6), [0–11] | 3.7 (3.0), [0–12] | <.001 |
| IADL Scale, mean (SD), [range] | 18.3 (3.8), [8–21] | 20.6 (1.2), [15–21] | 17.1 (3.9), [10–21] | 13.0 (3.1), [8–19] | <.001 |
| ADL Scale, mean (SD), [range] | 17.7 (1.0), [12–18] | 17.9 (0.4), [16–18] | 17.9 (0.6), [15–18] | 17.0 (1.9), [12–18] | <.001 |
| RAVLT Immediate Recall, mean (SD) | 34.1 (12.1) | 41.6 (9.3) | 29.5 (9.3) | 19.7 (5.9) | <.001 |
| RAVLT-Delayed Recall, mean (SD) | 5.0 (4.0) | 7.3 (3.3) | 3.3 (2.9) | 0.6 (1.4) | <.001 |
| TMT, Part A (seconds), mean (SD) | 43.4 (33.3) | 30.8 (10.7) | 47.5 (27.2) | 73.6 (60.0) | <.001 |
| TMT, Part B (seconds), mean (SD) | 101.3 (71.0) | 82.9 (38.0) | 119.7 (79.7) | 121.0 (110.0) | .0042 |
| Word Fluency, mean (SD) | 18.2 (6.5) | 22.3 (4.5) | 15.9 (5.6) | 10.5 (3.7) | <.001 |
| Digit Symbol Coding, mean (SD) | 49.2 (19.5) | 61.6 (13.8) | 40.6 (12.5) | 28.0 (19.2) | <.001 |
| Boston Naming Test, mean (SD) | 25.2 (5.0) | 27.9 (2.0) | 23.8 (4.3) | 19.5 (6.8) | <.001 |
| Digit Span, mean (SD) | 10.8 (2.0) | 11.5 (1.9) | 10.4 (1.8) | 9.5 (2.0) | <.001 |
| Logical Memory 1, mean (SD) | 33.4 (14.2) | 43.0 (9.5) | 27.5 (10.8) | 15.0 (7.6) | <.001 |
| Logical Memory 2, mean (SD) | 18.4 (11.1) | 26.4 (6.9) | 13.0 (7.8) | 4.0 (5.7) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale–Short Form; IADL, Lawton Independent Activities of Daily Living; ADL, Katz Activities of Daily Living; RAVLT, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; TMT, Trail Making Test.