Table 3.
Multivariable Poisson regression models with robust variance estimation of ever, past 30-day, and daily cigarette use on current and childhood socioeconomic status, U.S. young adults ages 18–34 years, Truth Initiative Young Adult Cohort Study, 2016.
| Ever cigarette use
|
Past 30-day cigarette use
|
Daily cigarette use
|
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full model
|
Final model
|
Full model
|
Final model
|
Full model
|
Final model
|
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| aPR | (95% CI) | aPR | (95% CI) | aPR | (95% CI) | aPR | (95% CI) | aPR | (95% CI) | aPR | (95% CI) | |
| Education completed | ||||||||||||
| Less than high school | 1.40 | (1.15, 1.72) | 1.37 | (1.12, 1.67) | 4.73 | (3.14, 7.14) | 4.19 | (2.83, 6.22) | 1.22 | (0.80, 1.87) | ||
| High school | 1.21 | (1.06, 1.39) | 1.20 | (1.06, 1.37) | 2.91 | (2.05, 4.12) | 2.60 | (1.86, 3.63) | 1.25 | (0.83, 1.89) | ||
| Some college/AA degree | 1.22 | (1.10, 1.35) | 1.21 | (1.09, 1.34) | 2.23 | (1.65, 3.00) | 2.13 | (1.58, 2.87) | 1.27 | (0.87, 1.86) | ||
| Bachelor’s or Graduate degree | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||||
| Annual household income - quartile | ||||||||||||
| <$30,000 | 0.87 | (0.76, 0.99) | 0.86 | (0.76, 0.99) | 0.87 | (0.64, 1.20) | 0.85 | (0.62, 1.16) | 1.15 | (0.82, 1.60) | ||
| $30,000–$59,999 | 0.92 | (0.82, 1.04) | 0.92 | (0.82, 1.04) | 0.83 | (0.61, 1.12) | 0.83 | (0.61, 1.13) | 1.18 | (0.86, 1.61) | ||
| $60,000–$84,999 | 0.82 | (0.72, 0.94) | 0.82 | (0.72, 0.94) | 0.65 | (0.45, 0.94) | 0.64 | (0.44, 0.93) | 0.76 | (0.50, 1.15) | ||
| $85,000 or more | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||||
| Subjective financial status | ||||||||||||
| Don’t meet basic expenses | 1.33 | (1.08, 1.64) | 1.34 | (1.09, 1.65) | 2.02 | (1.36, 3.00) | 2.02 | (1.35, 3.04) | 1.67 | (1.12, 2.48) | 1.71 | (1.16, 2.53) |
| Just meet basic expenses | 1.33 | (1.17, 1.50) | 1.34 | (1.18, 1.51) | 1.75 | (1.29, 2.38) | 1.78 | (1.30, 2.43) | 1.49 | (1.05, 2.13) | 1.59 | (1.13, 2.24) |
| Meet needs with a little left | 1.17 | (1.05, 1.31) | 1.18 | (1.05, 1.32) | 1.16 | (0.85, 1.58) | 1.19 | (0.88, 1.62) | 1.71 | (1.21, 2.43) | 1.67 | (1.18, 2.36) |
| Live comfortably | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Current job/paid employment status | ||||||||||||
| Work full-time (35 h/week or more) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||
| Work part-time (15–34 h/week) | 0.85 | (0.74, 0.97) | 0.85 | (0.74, 0.97) | 0.82 | (0.59, 1.14) | 0.82 | (0.62, 1.10) | ||||
| Work part-time (<15 h/week) | 0.79 | (0.65, 0.97) | 0.80 | (0.65, 0.97) | 1.01 | (0.66, 1.53) | 1.01 | (0.71, 1.44) | ||||
| Don’t currently work for pay | 0.79 | (0.70, 0.90) | 0.79 | (0.70, 0.90) | 0.85 | (0.66, 1.10) | 0.94 | (0.77, 1.15) | ||||
| Maternal education (highest completed) | ||||||||||||
| Less than high school | 0.85 | (0.69, 1.03) | 0.77 | (0.48, 1.22) | 1.90 | (1.19, 3.04) | 2.13 | (1.43, 3.16) | ||||
| High school | 0.97 | (0.85, 1.10) | 0.81 | (0.58, 1.12) | 1.75 | (1.16, 2.65) | 1.93 | (1.34, 2.78) | ||||
| Some college/AA degree | 0.94 | (0.84, 1.05) | 0.98 | (0.74, 1.30) | 1.69 | (1.14, 2.51) | 1.91 | (1.32, 2.77) | ||||
| Bachelor’s or Graduate degree | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||
| Paternal education (highest completed) | ||||||||||||
| Less than high school | 1.03 | (0.85, 1.24) | 0.96 | (0.81, 1.13) | 1.06 | (0.65, 1.71) | 0.98 | (0.65, 1.48) | 0.98 | (0.64, 1.50) | ||
| High school | 1.18 | (1.03, 1.35) | 1.15 | (1.02, 1.30) | 1.83 | (1.29, 2.60) | 1.75 | (1.28, 2.40) | 0.99 | (0.69, 1.44) | ||
| Some college/AA degree | 1.19 | (1.06, 1.35) | 1.16 | (1.04, 1.31) | 1.31 | (0.93, 1.84) | 1.31 | (0.95, 1.79) | 1.02 | (0.71, 1.46) | ||
| Bachelor’s or Graduate degree | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||||
| Parental divorce before age 18 | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.22 | (1.10, 1.36) | 1.22 | (1.10, 1.35) | 1.21 | (0.94, 1.55) | 1.25 | (0.98, 1.60) | 1.17 | (0.95, 1.44) | ||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||||
| One or both parents died | 1.15 | (0.97, 1.37) | 1.15 | (0.97, 1.37) | 1.55 | (1.12, 2.14) | 1.59 | (1.14, 2.22) | 1.26 | (1.00, 1.60) | ||
| Parents never married | 1.07 | (0.90, 1.27) | 1.06 | (0.89, 1.26) | 1.15 | (0.82, 1.63) | 1.22 | (0.85, 1.73) | 1.05 | (0.77, 1.42) | ||
| Subjective childhood financial status | ||||||||||||
| Pretty well off financially | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||
| About average | 0.87 | (0.77, 0.98) | 0.87 | (0.77, 0.98) | 1.02 | (0.72, 1.45) | 0.89 | (0.66, 1.20) | ||||
| Poor | 0.89 | (0.77, 1.03) | 0.88 | (0.76, 1.02) | 1.22 | (0.84, 1.78) | 1.06 | (0.78, 1.45) | ||||
| It varied | 0.89 | (0.75, 1.06) | 0.88 | (0.74, 1.06) | 1.10 | (0.71, 1.70) | 0.83 | (0.57, 1.21) | ||||
NOTE: All models control for current education, current income, current subjective financial status, current job/employment status, subjective childhood financial situation, parental divorce before age 18, age, gender, and race/ethnicity.