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. 2018 Feb 21;18:502–509. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.02.018

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

Neural correlates of tic reduction by thalamic HFS. (A) Thalamic HFS resulted in lowering the mean mRVRS score (5.38 SEM ± 1.14) compared to no (sham) stimulation (mean mRVRS score of 7.25 SEM ± 1.98; p < 0.05). (B) In subcortical structures, thalamic HFS resulted in reductions in tics correlating with decreases in BOLD (negative correlations) in the PT and NAc (IL/RH), and (C) reductions in tics correlating with increases in BOLD (positive correlation) in the cerebellum spanning deep cerebellar nuclei and lobules IV and V (CL/LH). (D) In cortical structures, tic reduction positively correlated with BOLD signals in the frontal cortex, including PFC, ACC, OFC, sensorimotor cortex corresponding to the hand, arm, and shoulder areas (IL/RH), and a wide range of parietal and occipital lobe regions (IL/RH and CL/LH). In contrast, tic reduction negatively correlated with BOLD signals in the medial frontal cortex (Brodmann's area 8), and insula (IL/RH), and Wernicke's area (CL/LH). Abbreviations: ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; BA 8, Brodmann's area 8; NAc, nucleus accumbens; PT, putamen; OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; PFC, prefrontal cortex; BOLD, blood‑oxygen-level dependent; HFS, high frequency stimulation; mRVRS, modified Rush Video Rating Scale, CL/LH, contralateral to the stimulation site in the left hemisphere; IL/RH, ipsilateral to the stimulation site in the right hemisphere; LH, left hemisphere; RH, right hemisphere.