Table 1.

Risk of bias item descriptions.

Risk of Bias Item	Label	Description
1	Study design	Did the study include a comparison that did not receive a change in built environment?
2	Sampling approach	Did the sampling approach generate a sample that reflected the wider population of interest (e.g., reporting that there were similar characteristics in the sample in comparison to census/other population data for the area of interest)?
3	Incomplete outcome data (assessments were made for each outcome/class of outcomes)	Were incomplete outcome data adequately addressed? (e.g., were details of how missing data were handled reported, such as ITT analysis? Was sensitivity analysis conducted, with n = reported for outcomes at all time points?)
4	Selective outcome reporting	Are reports of the study free of suggestion of selective outcome reporting? (e.g., all outcomes mentioned in methods are reported on in the results section for all groups/time points)
5	Adjustment for differences in sample characteristics	Were characteristics of sites similar at baseline? If confounders were identified, were they appropriately adjusted for in analyses? In longitudinal studies without a comparison, were characteristics of the follow-up sample similar to the baseline sample or were confounders adjusted for in analyses?
6	Outcome measurement objectivity	Was an objective assessment of health outcomes/behavior included (a measure free from participant subjectivity was used)?
7	Reporting of power calculation and attrition rate effect on power	Was a power calculation reported and the study was adequately powered to detect hypothesized relationships?
8	Levels of exposure	Was an analysis undertaken exploring changes in outcomes based on different levels of exposure (e.g., based on distance to the exposure)?
9	Exposure use	Was an analysis undertaken exploring changes in outcomes based on use/adoption of the exposure?