Table 3.
Risk of bias ratings for included studies.
| Lead Author, Year, Reference | Item 1 | Item 2 | Item 3 | Item 4 | Item 5 | Item 6 | Item 7 | Item 8 | Item 9 | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brown, 2007, [33] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Burbridge, 2009, [35] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Cummins, 2005 & 2008, [30,31] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
| Cummins, 2014, [32] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5 |
| Evans, 2012, [44] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Evenson, 2005, [36] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
| Goodman, 2013 and 2014, [37,38] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| Macdonald, 2010, [39] | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| Quigg, 2011, [28] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
| West, 2011, [43] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Wrigley, 2002 & 2003, [45,46] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Dill, 2014, [29] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
| Miller, 2015, [41] | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 6 |
| Pazin, 2016, [40] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 6 |
| Hong, 2016, [34] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4 |
1 = adequately addressed and reported; 0 = not addressed/not reported; Total = total number of items that were rated low risk (e.g., a higher number = lower risk of bias).