Table 4.
Association between specific factors, air pollutants and the prevalence of annoyance in the three investigated counties, odds ratios (95% CI).
| Base model | Ida-Viru County | Lääne-Viru County | Tartu |
| Gender (ref females) | 0.64 (0.42–0.97) | 1.01 (0.36–2.88) | 0.64 (0.41–1.00) |
| Age | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) |
| Elementary or basic education (ref applied or higher) |
1.13 (0.56–2.27) | 0.36 (0.03–4.58) | 1.41 (0.59–3.33) |
| Secondary education (ref applied or higher) |
0.87 (0.56–1.34) | 0.66 (0.21–2.04) | 1.21 (0.78–1.87) |
| Income | 1.08 (0.91–1.27) | 1.17 (0.74–1.85) | 0.89 (0.75–1.05) |
| Current or ex-smokers (ref never smokers) |
0.89 (0.70–1.13) | 0.50 (0.24–1.05) | 1.04 (0.82–1.35) |
| Self-assessed health status | 1.59 (1.21–2.08) | 2.56 (1.23–5.36) | 1.49 (1.13–1.97) |
| Pollutants *,# | |||
| PM2.5 | 1.07 (0.94–1.22) | ||
| Benzene | 1.04 (0.87–1.24) | ||
| Phenol | 1.22 (0.84–1.76) | ||
| Social and psychological factors * | |||
| Working in oil shale sector | 1.36 (0.86–2.15) | 0 | 6.13 (2.31–16.28) |
| Ethnicity (ref Estonian) | 1.19 (0.85–1.67) | 0.87 (0.31–2.44) | 1.56 (1.03–2.36) |
| Perceived risk | 0.35 (0.28–0.44) | 0.34 (0.2–0.58) | 0.39 (0.32–0.49) |
| Symptoms during the last 12 months * | |||
| Wheezing without a cold | 2.30 (1.31–4.04) | 0.11 (0.01–0.92) | 0 |
| Chest tightness | 2.88 (1.91–4.33) | 3.19 (1.02–9.92) | 2.26 (1.36–3.74) |
| Shortness of breath | 1.60 (0.92–2.79) | 94.83 (3.35–2680.68) | 3.24 (1.88–5.57) |
| Attack of coughing | 1.99 (1.34–2.95) | 2.10 (0.75–5.84) | 1.57 (1.03–2.38) |
| Asthma attack | 1.48 (0.79–2.77) | 4.83 (0.79–29.35) | 2.16 (0.98–4.75) |
| Ever had chronic diseases * | |||
| Wheezing | 1.98 (1.31–2.99) | 1.52 (0.48–4.82) | 1.81 (1.13–2.90) |
| Long-term cough | 1.29 (0.86–1.94) | 3.04 (1.01–9.16) * | 1.92 (1.21–3.05) |
| Allergic rhinitis | 1.40 (0.82–2.37) | 1.36 (0.34–5.45) | 1.34 (0.78–2.27) |
| Asthma | 1.18 (0.60–2.32) | 2.85 (0.6–13.61) | 1.36 (0.65–2.85) |
| COPD | 1.69 (0.56–5.14) | 6.21 (0.16–246.71) | 3.18 (0.78–12.8) |
| Hypertension | 1.05 (0.68–1.63) | 1.13 (0.35–3.69) | 1.12 (0.51–2.47) |
| Heart disease | 1.22 (0.61–2.42) | 7.81 (1.41–43.16) | 0.47 (0.16–1.39) |
| Myocardial infarction | 1.22 (0.61–2.42) | 17.32 (1.47–203.29) | 0 |
| Stroke | 0.69 (0.21–2.24) | 0 | 0 |
| Diabetes | 0.67 (0.35–1.29) | 0.47 (0.04–4.84) | 0.83 (0.09–6.96) |
* Logistic regression analysis was adjusted for gender, age, BMI, education, environmental tobacco smoke, smoking history, and income during past 12 months; # annoyance prevalence per interquartile change in pollutants concentrations; Values in bold: p < 0.05.