Table A1.
Odds ratios (95% CI) on disease prevalence per interquartile change in pollutants concentrations.
| Crude Model | |||
| PM2.5 | Benzene | Phenol | |
| During the last 12 months | |||
| Wheezing without a cold | 1.03 (0.94–1.13) | 1.06 (0.98–1.38) | 1.28 (0.95–1.71) |
| Chest tightness | 1.11 (1.01–1.22) | 1.28 (0.97–1.67) | 1.41 (1.05–1.88) |
| Shortness of breath | 1.09 (0.98–1.22) | 1.26 (0.92–1.73) | 1.21 (0.86–1.70) |
| Attack of coughing | 1.03 (0.94–1.13) | 0.90 (0.84–1.15) | 0.89 (0.68–1.17) |
| Asthma attack | 1.20 (1.04–1.38) | 1.24 (0.93–2.00) | 0.64 (0.36–1.12) |
| Ever had | |||
| Wheezing | 1.07 (0.98–1.18) | 1.31 (1.00–1.71) | 1.22 (0.91–1.64) |
| Long-term cough | 1.00 (0.91–1.11) | 1.32 (1.00–1.74) | 1.42 (1.06–1.91) |
| Allergic rhinitis | 1.03 (0.92–1.16) | 0.89 (0.64–1.23) | 0.86 (0.59–1.26) |
| Asthma | 1.11 (0.96–1.30) | 1.39 (0.85–2.26) | 0.80 (0.46–1.39) |
| COPD | 1.09 (0.84–1.41) | 1.59 (0.69–1.77) | 2.07 (0.90–4.76) |
| Hypertension | 1.03 (0.94–1.13) | 1.16 (0.89–1.51) | 1.21 (0.90–1.62) |
| Heart disease | 1.07 (0.95–1.20) | 1.44 (1.01–2.05) | 1.53 (1.06–2.21) |
| Myocardial infarction | 0.95 (0.79–1.14) | 2.03 (1.22–3.39) | 2.23 (1.36–3.64) |
| Stroke | 0.95 (0.73–1.24) | 1.32 (0.65–2.67) | 1.34 (0.65–2.78) |
| Diabetes | 0.97 (0.83–1.13) | 1.42 (0.92–2.19) | 1.33 (0.85–2.10) |
| Only Estonians in Ida-Viru County | |||
| PM2.5 | Benzene | Phenol | |
| During the last 12 months * | |||
| Wheezing without a cold | 0.96 (0.76–1.21) | 0.96 (0.56–1.64) | 0.97 (0.83–1.21) |
| Chest tightness | 1.17 (0.93–1.46) | 1.27 (0.72–2.23) | 1.07 (0.92–1.23) |
| Shortness of breath | 1.23 (0.95–1.59) | 2.36 (1.20–2.04) | 1.12 (0.95–1.31) |
| Attack of coughing | 1.08 (0.88–1.33) | 0.96 (0.59–1.56) | 0.96 (0.84–1.09) |
| Asthma attack | 1.25 (0.89–1.77) | 1.12 (0.68–1.68) | 0.99 (0.71–1.37) |
| Ever had * | |||
| Wheezing | 1.05 (0.84–1.32) | 1.17 (0.67–2.04) | 0.96 (0.83–1.12) |
| Long-term cough | 1.24 (0.98–1.58) | 1.09 (0.61–1.96) | 1.01 (0.86–1.18) |
| Allergic rhinitis | 1.00 (0.76–1.32) | 0.63 (0.62–1.19) | 0.76 (0.59–0.97) |
| Asthma | 0.78 (0.48–1.27) | 0.93 (0.66–2.52) | 1.03 (0.81–1.31) |
| COPD | - | - | 0.40 (0.05–3.36) |
| Hypertension | 1.14 (0.89–1.47) | 1.49 (0.79–2.83) | 1.19 (1.00–1.40) |
| Heart disease | 0.96 (0.65–1.42) | 0.93 (0.67–2.25) | 1.06 (0.85–1.31) |
| Myocardial infarction | 0.96 (0.48–1.92) | 1.38 (0.67–2.19) | 1.23 (0.88–1.72) |
| Stroke | 0.83 (0.09–7.58) | 0.55 (0.13–2.06) | 0.91 (0.48–1.72) |
| Diabetes | 0.83 (0.49–1.40) | 1.21 (0.70–1.90) | 0.95 (0.67–1.34) |
| Only non-Estonians in Ida-Viru County | |||
| PM2.5 | Benzene | Phenol | |
| During the last 12 months * | |||
| Wheezing without a cold | 1.04 (0.91–1.18) | 1.03 (0.77–1.38) | 1.52 (1.02–2.25) |
| Chest tightness | 1.09 (0.96–1.25) | 1.11 (0.82–1.49) | 1.35 (0.91–2.01) |
| Shortness of breath | 1.13 (0.98–1.31) | 0.81 (0.58–1.13) | 0.96 (0.61–1.52) |
| Attack of coughing | 1.05 (0.93–1.19) | 1.02 (0.77–1.36) | 1.05 (0.72–1.53) |
| Asthma attack | 1.22 (1.02–1.46) | 0.99 (0.61–1.61) | 0.47 (0.23–0.98) |
| Ever had * | |||
| Wheezing | 1.11 (0.97–1.26) | 1.02 (0.77–1.36) | 1.08 (0.73–1.59) |
| Long-term cough | 0.92 (0.80–1.05) | 1.14 (0.85–1.53) | 1.41 (0.96–2.08) |
| Allergic rhinitis | 1.12 (0.95–1.31) | 1.15 (0.80–1.66) | 1.15 (0.71–1.88) |
| Asthma | 1.10 (0.90–1.35) | 1.11 (0.65–1.86) | 0.66 (0.32–1.37) |
| COPD | 1.15 (0.77–1.72) | 1.26 (0.54–2.92) | 1.82 (0.59–5.59) |
| Hypertension | 1.09 (0.95–1.26) | 0.93 (0.68–1.28) | 0.92 (0.60–1.42) |
| Heart disease | 1.15 (0.98–1.35) | 1.01 (0.70–1.47) | 1.02 (0.62–1.67) |
| Myocardial infarction | 0.96 (0.76–1.22) | 1.49 (0.88–2.50) | 1.74 (0.92–3.29) |
| Stroke | 0.99 (0.72–1.35) | 1.11 (0.57–2.16) | 0.85 (0.35–2.09) |
| Diabetes | 1.04 (0.84–1.27) | 1.26 (0.79–2.03) | 1.22 (0.66–2.24) |
| Only those, who have been working in oil shale sector | |||
| PM2.5 | Benzene | Phenol | |
| During the last 12 months * | |||
| Wheezing without a cold | 1.33 (1.05–1.70) | 1.03 (0.63–1.69) | 1.08 (0.75–1.57) |
| Chest tightness | 1.10 (0.87–1.40) | 1.47 (0.88–2.44) | 1.37 (0.95–1.97) |
| Shortness of breath | 1.24 (0.96–1.61) | 0.89 (0.49–1.59) | 1.15 (0.75–1.76) |
| Attack of coughing | 1.02 (0.82–1.28) | 1.08 (0.67–1.72) | 0.98 (0.69–1.38) |
| Asthma attack | 1.93 (1.30–2.86) | 2.52 (0.83–7.63) | 0.61 (0.26–1.45) |
| Ever had * | |||
| Wheezing | 1.36 (1.06–1.74) | 1.06 (0.65–1.73) | 0.87 (0.60–1.27) |
| Long-term cough | 0.99 (0.77–1.28) | 1.30 (0.77–2.19) | 1.41 (0.97–2.07) |
| Allergic rhinitis | 1.27 (0.88–1.82) | 0.99 (0.49–2.02) | 0.86 (0.49–1.51) |
| Asthma | 1.47 (1.01–2.15) | 3.50 (1.01–12.11) | 0.84 (0.55–1.27) |
| COPD | 0.55 (0.04–7.84) | 2.16 (0.26–17.91) | 1.33 (0.37–4.70) |
| Hypertension | 1.27 (0.97–1.67) | 1.00 (0.58–1.72) | 0.89 (0.59–1.32) |
| Heart disease | 1.11 (0.82–1.50) | 1.26 (0.68–2.36) | 1.30 (0.84–2.02) |
| Myocardial infarction | 0.71 (0.38–1.32) | 2.26 (0.95–5.37) | 1.60 (0.91–2.81) |
| Stroke | 0.51 (0.20–1.27) | 0.74 (0.26–2.12) | 1.39 (0.72–2.67) |
| Diabetes | 1.20 (0.86–1.68) | 1.58 (0.72–3.48) | 0.95 (0.65–1.38) |
| Only those, who have not been working in oil shale sector | |||
| PM2.5 | Benzene | Phenol | |
| During the last 12 months * | |||
| Wheezing without a cold | 0.97 (0.84–1.12) | 0.99 (0.68–1.44) | 1.24 (0.82–1.87) |
| Chest tightness | 1.17 (1.02–1.35) * | 1.30 (0.88–1.91) | 1.30 (0.86–1.96) |
| Shortness of breath | 1.15 (0.98–1.35) | 1.26 (0.80–1.99) | 1.11 (0.68–1.81) |
| Attack of coughing | 1.03 (0.90–1.18) | 0.91 (0.64–1.28) | 0.91 (0.62–1.34) |
| Asthma attack | 1.07 (0.86–1.34) | 0.76 (0.41–1.41) | 0.58 (0.27–1.25) |
| Ever had * | |||
| Wheezing | 1.04 (0.90–1.19) | 1.13 (0.78–1.64) | 1.14 (0.76–1.72) |
| Long-term cough | 0.98 (0.85–1.13) | 1.34 (0.92–1.95) | 1.33 (0.89–2.00) |
| Allergic rhinitis | 1.05 (0.90–1.24) | 0.80 (0.52–1.24) | 0.74 (0.45–1.21) |
| Asthma | 0.91 (0.69–1.18) | 0.81 (0.42–1.55) | 0.72 (0.33–1.57) |
| COPD | 1.30 (0.88–1.92) | 1.98 (0.62–6.31) | 1.87 (0.62–5.64) |
| Hypertension | 1.04 (0.89–1.21) | 1.16 (0.77–1.74) | 1.34 (0.86–2.10) |
| Heart disease | 1.25 (0.92–1.35) | 1.24 (0.73–2.11) | 1.23 (0.70–2.16) |
| Myocardial infarction | 1.08 (0.82–1.43) | 2.07 (0.93–1.06) | 2.26 (1.04–4.88) * |
| Stroke | 1.08 (0.69–1.69) | 3.85 (0.85–17.49) | 1.85 (0.54–6.28) |
| Diabetes | 0.88 (0.65–1.19) | 1.25 (0.66–2.40) | 0.91 (0.45–1.84) |
* Logistic regression analysis was adjusted for gender, age, BMI, education, environmental tobacco smoke, smoking history, and income during past 12 months; Values in bold: p < 0.05.