Table 1.
Sample characteristics (%).
| Variable | School Students (N = 2755) |
Youth Offenders (N = 330) |
Total (N = 3085) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | |||
| Male | 46.0 | 68.2 | 48.3 |
| Female | 54.0 | 31.8 | 51.7 |
| Age; M (SD) | 15.86 (2.07) | 16.20 (1.58) | 15.90 (2.03) |
| 12 | 8.5 | 1.2 | 7.8 |
| 13 | 12.1 | 4.3 | 11.2 |
| 14 | 14.9 | 14.7 | 14.8 |
| 15 | 16.6 | 25.4 | 17.5 |
| 16 | 16.5 | 22.1 | 17.0 |
| 17 | 14.8 | 19.2 | 15.2 |
| 18 to 20 | 16.6 | 12.6 | 15.0 |
| Education | |||
| Primary and below | 0 | 19.7 | 2.1 |
| Junior (forms 1–3) | 52.8 | 72.4 | 54.9 |
| Senior (forms 4–6) | 47.2 | 8.0 | 43.0 |
| Monthly Household Income (USD$1 = MOP$8) | |||
| Below MOP$15,000 | 42.1 | 50.9 | 43.0 |
| MOP$15,000–24,999 | 33.9 | 19,4 | 32.5 |
| MOP$25,000 and above | 24.0 | 29.7 | 24.5 |
| Father’s Education Level | |||
| Primary and below | 20.4 | 25.3 | 20.9 |
| Junior (forms 1–3) | 29.1 | 28.1 | 29.0 |
| Senior (forms 4–6) | 25.8 | 15.3 | 24.7 |
| Tertiary | 10.9 | 6.6 | 10.4 |
| Do not know | 13.8 | 24.7 | 15.0 |
| Mother’s Education Level | |||
| Primary and below | 20.3 | 23.6 | 20.7 |
| Junior (forms 1–3) | 35.4 | 31.1 | 34.9 |
| Senior (forms 4–6) | 23.5 | 19.9 | 23.1 |
| Tertiary | 9.2 | 5.0 | 8.7 |
| Do not know | 11.7 | 20.5 | 12.6 |
| Father’s Employment Status | |||
| Manager level and professional | 13.1 | 9.0 | 12.6 |
| Skilled worker and business owner | 19.4 | 13.8 | 18.8 |
| Semi-skilled worker | 29.6 | 28.9 | 29.6 |
| Non-skilled worker | 17.2 | 17.9 | 17.3 |
| Unemployed | 2.6 | 5.4 | 2.9 |
| Retired | 1.7 | 1.0 | 1.6 |
| Others | 5.8 | 4.8 | 5.7 |
| Do not know | 10.0 | 18.9 | 11.0 |
| Mother’s Employment Status | |||
| Manager level and professional | 10.6 | 7.9 | 10.4 |
| Skilled worker and business owner | 7.6 | 5.4 | 7.4 |
| Semi-skilled worker | 12.4 | 8.2 | 11.9 |
| Non-skilled worker | 57.5 | 58.2 | 57.4 |
| Unemployed | 0.8 | 1.9 | 0.9 |
| Retired | 0.3 | 1.3 | 0.4 |
| Others | 4.5 | 5.1 | 4.5 |
| Do not know | 7.3 | 12.3 | 7.8 |
| Parents’ Marital Status | |||
| Married | 81.1 | 62.7 | 79.2 |
| Cohabiting | 6.1 | 5.5 | 6.1 |
| Separated and divorced | 10.0 | 27.6 | 11.9 |
| Widowed | 2.4 | 4.2 | 2.6 |