Table A1.
Factors not significantly associated with WRMSs among NAs measured at the time of survey: A bivariate analysis (N = 440).
| Categorical Variables | With WRMSs | Without WRMSs | |||
| Personal Characteristics | Number (%) | Number (%) | p-Value | ||
| Marital Status | n = 388 | n = 51 | 0.09 (χ2 4.81; df 2) (Phi 0.11) |
||
| Single | 28 (7.2%) | 8 (15.7%) | |||
| Married | 312 (80.4%) | 39 (76.5%) | |||
| Divorced/widow/others | 48 (12.4%) | 4 (7.8%) | |||
| Education Level | n = 385 | n = 49 | 0.49 (χ2 0.48; df 1) (Phi −0.03) |
||
| Primary school | 129 (33.5%) | 14 (28.6%) | |||
| Secondary school or above | 256 (66.5%) | 35 (71.4%) | |||
| Exercise for 20 min | n = 387 | n = 51 | 0.72 (χ2 1.35; df 3) (Phi 0.04) |
||
| Never | 121 (31.3%) | 20 (39.2%) | |||
| Not often | 89 (23.0%) | 11 (21.6%) | |||
| Sometimes | 97 (25.1%) | 11 (21.6%) | |||
| Always | 80 (20.7%) | 9 (17.6%) | |||
| Daily Stretching Exercise | n = 389 | n = 51 | 0.94 (χ2 0.006; df 1) (Phi 0.06) |
||
| Yes | 231 (59.4%) | 30 (58.8%) | |||
| No | 158 (40.6%) | 21 (41.2%) | |||
| Daily Muscle Strengthening Exercise | n = 387 | n = 51 | 0.71 (χ2 0.14; df 1) (Phi −0.02) |
||
| Yes | 39 (10.1%) | 6 (11.8%) | |||
| No | 348 (89.9%) | 45 (88.2%) | |||
| Smoking Habits | n = 388 | n = 51 | 0.70 (χ2 0.15; df 1) (Phi −0.02) |
||
| Yes | 5 (1.3%) | 1 (2.0%) | |||
| No | 383 (98.7%) | 50 (98.0%) | |||
| History of Surgery | n = 389 | n = 51 | 0.07 (χ2 3.41; df 1) (Phi 0.09) |
||
| Yes | 159 (40.9%) | 14 (27.5%) | |||
| No | 230 (59.1%) | 37 (72.5%) | |||
| Work Characteristics | |||||
| Job Title | n = 389 | n = 51 | 0.40 (χ2 0.72; df 1) (Phi 0.04) |
||
| Care workers | 352 (90.5%) | 48 (94.1%) | |||
| Health workers | 37 (9.5%) | 3 (5.9%) | |||
| Job Satisfaction | n = 386 | n = 51 | 0.37 (χ2 0.79; df 1) (Phi 0.04) |
||
| Very satisfactory/satisfactory | 368 (95.3%) | 50 (98.0%) | |||
| Very unsatisfactory/unsatisfactory | 18 (4.7%) | 1 (2.0%) | |||
| Work Overtime | n = 388 | n = 51 | 0.30 (χ2 1.06; df 1) (Phi 0.05) |
||
| Yes | 102 (26.3%) | 10 (19.6%) | |||
| No | 286 (73.7%) | 41 (80.4%) | |||
| Lifting/Transferring Training | n = 388 | n = 51 | 0.66 (χ2 0.20; df 1) (Phi −0.02) |
||
| Yes | 350 (90.2%) | 47 (92.2%) | |||
| No | 38 (9.8%) | 4 (7.8%) | |||
| Expected to Work Next 2 years | n = 379 | n = 50 | 0.06 (χ2 2.88; df 1) (Phi −0.08) |
||
| Surely yes | 276 (72.8%) | 42 (84.0%) | |||
| No/not sure | 103 (27.2%) | 8 (16.0%) | |||
| Continuous Variables | Mean | SD | t-Test (df) | p-Value | |
| Personal Characteristics | |||||
| BMI | With WRMSs (n = 388) Without WRMSs (n = 51) |
24.59 25.30 |
3.29 4.40 |
1.11 (57.56) | 0.27 |
| Waist to Hip Ratio | With WRMSs (n = 389) Without WRMSs (n = 51) |
0.87 0.87 |
0.06 0.07 |
−0.01 (59.87) | 0.99 |
| Ergonomic and Manual Handling Knowledge | With WRMSs (n = 387) Without WRMSs (n = 51) |
76.04 73.20 |
8.84 12.31 |
−1.60 (56.99) | 0.12 |
| Work Characteristic | |||||
| Years of Work Experience | With WRMSs (n = 389) Without WRMSs (n = 51) |
10.47 9.78 |
6.29 7.20 |
−0.73 (438) | 0.47 |
| Physical Exertion (PE) | With WRMSs (n = 382) Without WRMSs (n = 46) |
5.21 4.54 |
2.21 2.36 |
−1.92 (426) | 0.06 |
| Work Ability | With WRMSs (n = 387) Without WRMSs (n = 51) |
7.80 7.61 |
1.42 1.81 |
−0.74 (58.38) | 0.46 |
| JCQ—Decision Authority | With WRMSs (n = 387) Without WRMSs (n = 51) |
4.31 4.33 |
1.26 1.16 |
0.13 (436) | 0.90 |
| JCQ—Skill Discretion | With WRMSs (n = 387) Without WRMSs (n = 51) |
10.64 10.86 |
2.22 2.18 |
0.68 (426) | 0.49 |
| JCQ—Psychological Job Demand | With WRMSs (n = 387) Without WRMSs (n = 51) |
13.29 12.82 |
2.72 2.69 |
−1.17 (436) | 0.24 |
| JCQ—Physical Job Demand | With WRMSs (n = 387) Without WRMSs (n = 51) |
7.77 7.41 |
2.58 2.32 |
−0.95 (436) | 0.34 |
| JCQ—Supervisor Support | With WRMSs (n = 387) Without WRMSs (n = 51) |
7.32 7.47 |
1.64 1.50 |
0.62 (436) | 0.54 |
| JCQ—Resident Support | With WRMSs (n = 387) Without WRMSs (n = 51) |
7.48 7.73 |
1.63 1.51 |
1.02 (436) | 0.31 |
| Workstyle Characteristics | |||||
| Self-Imposed Workpace/Workload | With WRMSs (n = 388) Without WRMSs (n = 51) |
3.78 3.25 |
2.73 2.61 |
−1.29 (437) | 0.20 |
| Breaks | With WRMSs (n = 388) Without WRMSs (n = 51) |
1.55 1.49 |
1.62 1.69 |
−0.26 (437) | 0.79 |