Figure 1.

Immobilization of daphnids after (a) 24 h; and (b) 48 h of exposure with bisphenol A (BPA) and microplastics (MP), in different treatments with increasing nominal BPA concentrations for BPA alone and BPA in combination with microplastics (BPA + MP; 5–15 mg L⁻¹), and one concentration of microplastics for BPA + MP (200 mg L⁻¹; mean ± SE, n = 5). Brackets marked with asterisks indicate significant differences (Fisher’s exact test, p < 0.05) between treatments with BPA alone and BPA + MP.