Table 2.
Odds ratios of one-year mortality in relation to patient- and hospital-level characteristics and residential city/township characteristics.
| Characteristics | Odds Ratio | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Crude Estimate (95% CI) | Adjusted Estimate (95% CI) | ||
| Model 1 a | Model 2 b | ||
| Characteristics of residential city/township | |||
| Geographic area | |||
| North | 0.78 (0.73–0.84) | 0.86 (0.79–0.94) | 0.87 *** (0.80–0.94) |
| Central | 0.92 (0.85–0.99) | 0.96 (0.89–1.04) | 0.97 (0.90–1.05) |
| South | 0.87 (0.81–0.94) | 0.98 (0.91–1.07) | 0.99 (0.91–1.07) |
| East (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Urbanization status | |||
| Urban area | 0.87 (0.84–0.90) | 1.04 (0.99–1.09) | 1.05 (1.00–1.10) |
| Satellite area | 0.90 (0.87–0.93) | 0.98 (0.94–1.03) | 1.00 (0.96–1.05) |
| Rural area (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| City/Township median family annual income | |||
| Min.–Q1 (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| >Q1–Q3 | 0.90 (0.87–0.93) | 0.91 (0.87–0.94) | 0.91 *** (0.87–0.95) |
| >Q3–Max. | 0.77 (0.74–0.81) | 0.80 (0.75–0.85) | 0.80 *** (0.75–0.85) |
| Patient-level characteristics | |||
| Gender | |||
| Female (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Male | 1.69 (1.64–1.74) | 1.67 (1.62–1.72) | 1.67 *** (1.61–1.72) |
| Age, years | |||
| 65–74 (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 75–84 | 1.41 (1.35–1.47) | 1.36 (1.31–1.42) | 1.37 *** (1.31–1.43) |
| ≥85 | 2.22 (2.13–2.31) | 2.18 (2.08–2.28) | 2.18 *** (2.08–2.28) |
| Comorbidity | |||
| Dementia | 1.32 (1.23–1.41) | 1.15 (1.06–1.23) | 1.12 ** (1.04–1.20) |
| Stroke | 1.18 (1.13–1.23) | 1.13 (1.08–1.18) | 1.10 *** (1.05–1.15) |
| COPD | 2.06 (1.97–2.15) | 1.49 (1.42–1.57) | 1.41 *** (1.34–1.48) |
| Heart failure | 2.50 (2.39–2.61) | 2.25 (2.15–2.37) | 2.11 *** (2.01–2.21) |
| Hospital-level characteristics | |||
| Hospital accreditation level | |||
| Medical center | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Regional hospital | 1.08 (1.04–1.12) | 1.05 ** (1.01–1.10) | |
| Local hospital | 1.19 (1.15–1.24) | 1.14 *** (1.09–1.19) | |
| Length of hospital stay c | |||
| Min–Q1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Q1–Median | 0.71 (0.68–0.74) | 0.71 *** (0.67–0.74) | |
| Median–Q3 | 0.82 (0.78–0.85) | 0.79 *** (0.76–0.83) | |
| Q3–Max | 1.76 (1.69–1.82) | 1.59 *** (1.53–1.66) | |
a Min., Q1, Q3, and Max. for median family annual income was 10,000, 16,433, 20167, and 31,066 USD, respectively. b COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. c Min., Q1, Median, Q3, and Max. for length of hospital stay was 1, 6, 8, 11, and 240 days, respectively. *** p-value < 0.001; ** p-value < 0.01