Table 2.
Characteristics of the study sample stratified by sex.
| Characteristics | Total (n = 2516) a,b | Male (n = 1238) a,b | Female (n = 1278) a,b | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) c | 56 (41–67) | 53 (40–67) | 59 (45–68) | p < 0.001 |
| Age group | ||||
| 18–39 | 518 (20.6) | 305 (24.7) | 213 (16.7) | p < 0.001 |
| 40–59 | 865 (34.4) | 430 (34.7) | 435 (34.0) | |
| ≥60 | 1133 (45.0) | 503 (40.6) | 630 (49.3) | |
| Location | ||||
| Urban | 1272 (50.6) | 620 (50.1) | 652 (51.0) | NS (0.64) |
| Rural | 1244 (49.4) | 618 (49.9) | 626 (49.0) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married or cohabit | 2157 (85.7) | 1103 (89.1) | 1054 (82.5) | p < 0.001 |
| Unmarried | 146 (5.8) | 94 (7.6) | 52 (4.1) | |
| Widowed, divorced, or separated | 213 (8.5) | 41 (3.3) | 172 (13.4) | |
| Educational level | ||||
| Illiterate or primary school | 1568 (62.3) | 696 (56.2) | 872 (68.2) | p < 0.001 |
| High school | 612 (24.3) | 335 (27.1) | 277 (21.7) | |
| University | 336 (13.4) | 207 (16.7) | 129 (10.1) | |
| Occupation | ||||
| Manual workers | 245 (9.7) | 191 (15.4) | 54 (4.2) | p < 0.001 |
| Officials | 290 (11.5) | 176 (14.2) | 114 (8.9) | |
| Venders | 268 (10.7) | 156 (12.6) | 112 (8.8) | |
| Unemployed and other | 1713 (68.1) | 715 (57.8) | 998 (78.1) | |
| Smoking history | ||||
| Current | 647 (25.7) | 595 (48.1) | 52 (4.1) | p < 0.001 |
| Past | 100 (4.0) | 90 (7.3) | 10 (0.8) | |
| Never | 1769 (70.3) | 553 (44.6) | 1216 (95.1) | |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| No | 1986 (78.9) | 813 (65.7) | 1173 (91.8) | p < 0.001 |
| Yes | 530 (21.1) | 425 (34.3) | 105 (8.2) | |
| Physical exercise | ||||
| No | 452 (18.0) | 286 (23.1) | 166 (14.0) | p < 0.001 |
| Qualified | 1139 (45.3) | 478 (38.6) | 661 (51.7) | |
| Not qualified | 925 (36.7) | 474 (38.3) | 451 (35.3) | |
| DM | ||||
| No | 2297 (91.3) | 1152 (93.1) | 1145 (89.6) | p < 0.005 |
| Yes | 219 (8.7) | 86 (6.9) | 133 (10.4) | |
| BMI | ||||
| Normal | 1579 (62.8) | 766 (61.9) | 813 (63.6) | p < 0.01 |
| Thin | 145 (5.8) | 62 (5.0) | 83 (6.5) | |
| Overweight | 642 (25.5) | 348 (28.1) | 294 (23.0) | |
| Obesity | 150 (5.9) | 62 (5.0) | 88 (6.9) | |
| Abdominal obesity | ||||
| Yes | 2014 (80.1) | 943 (76.2) | 1071 (83.8) | p < 0.001 |
| No | 502 (19.9) | 295 (23.8) | 251 (16.2) | |
| Family history of CVD | ||||
| Yes | 2152 (85.5) | 186 (15.0) | 178 (14.0) | NS (0.44) |
| No | 364 (14.5) | 1052 (85.0) | 1100 (86.0) | |
| Amount of sleeping (hour/night) | ||||
| <7 | 599 (23.8) | 256 (20.7) | 343 (26.8) | p < 0.001 |
| ≥7 | 1917 (76.2) | 982 (79.3) | 935 (73.2) | |
| Salt intake (g/day) c | 5.07 (3.93–7.38) | 4.92 (3.93–7.27) | 5.07 (3.93–7.38) | NS (0.96) |
| Fresh vegetables (50 g/day) c | 5 (5–8) | 5 (5–8) | 5 (5–9) | p < 0.05 |
| Fresh fruits (50 g/day) c | 3 (2–5) | 3 (2–5) | 3 (2–5) | p < 0.005 |
NS: not statically significant (p > 0.05). a Value = n (%), indicate that number of cases and proportions stratified by categorical variables of males or females; b Continuous variables were tested for normality, and they were presented as mean ± standard deviation if they were normally distributed) or presented as median (lower quartile-upper quartile) if they were not normally distributed; c Continuous variables. DM: diabetes mellitus. BMI: body mass index. CVD: cardiovascular diseases.