. 2018 Feb 23;15(2):389. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15020389

Table 4.

Blood-feeding hosts of Culex pipiens in Europe. Some hosts are non-native to Europe owing to collections in, or close to, captive animal parks.

Order	Family	Genus Species	Common Name	Locations	References
Mammals
Mammal, unidentified	-	-	-	Russia	[142]
Artiodactyla	Bovidae	Capra hircus	Goat	Spain (Canary Islands)	[143]
		Ovis aries	Sheep	Portugal, Turkey	[117,144,145]
		Bos taurus	Cow	Portugal, Turkey, Italy, Spain, Germany	[144,145,146,147,148,149]
	Cervidae	Capreolus capreolus	Roe deer	Germany	[148]
	Suidae	Sus scrofa	Wild boar	Italy, Germany, Spain	[146,147,148]
Carnivora	Canidae	Canis lupus familiaris	Dog	Spain, Turkey, Italy, Germany, UK	[145,146,147,148,150,151,152,153,154]
	Felidae	Felis catus	Domestic cat	Spain, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Italy	[146,150,152,155,156]
	Felidae	Felis silvestris	Wildcat	Spain	[147]
	Herpestidae	Herpestes ichneumon	Egyptian mongoose	Spain	[150]
Chiroptera	Vespertilionidae	Nyctalus noctula	Common Noctule	Czech Republic	[155]
Eulipotyphla	Erinaceidae	Erinaceus europaeus	European hedgehog	Italy	[146]
Lagomorpha	Leporidae	Oryctolagus cuniculus	Rabbit	UK, Germany, Spain	[147,148,157,158]
Lagomorpha	Leporidae	Lepus granatensis	Granada hare	Spain	[147]
Perissodactyla	Equidae	Equus caballus	Horse	France, Italy, Spain	[146,147,159]
Primates	Hominidae	Homo sapiens	Human	UK, Spain, Portugal, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Turkey, Italy, Russia, Germany	[142,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,152,154,155,156,160,161,162]
Rodentia	Caviidae	Cavia porcellus	Guinea pig	Sweden	[163]
Rodentia	Muridae	Rattus rattus	Rat	Spain	[147]
Reptiles
Reptile unidentified	-	-	-	Spain, Italy	[161,164]
Anura	Ranidae	Rana sp.	Frog	Czech Republic	[155]
Anura	Hylidae	Hyla arborea	European tree frog	Czech Republic	[155]
Squamata	Lacertidae	Podarcis muralis	Common wall lizard	Italy	[146]
Squamata	Lacertidae	Lacerta sp.	Frog	Italy	[146]
Birds
Bird, unidentified	-	-	-	UK, Spain, Switzerland, France, Russia, Portugal, Sweden	[117,142,151,156,159,160,162,163,164,165,166]
Accipitriformes	Accipitridae	Hieraaetus pennatus	Booted eagle	Turkey	[145]
		Buteo buteo	Buzzard	Turkey	[145]
		Neophron percnopterus	Egyptian vulture	Switzerland	[156]
		Accipiter nisus	Eurasian sparrowhawk	Switzerland, Italy	[146,156]
		Circus aeruginosus	Western marsh harrier	Czech Republic	[155]
Anseriformes	Anatidae	Cygnus atratus	Black swan	Spain	[151]
		Anas sp.	Duck	Czech Republic	[155]
		Anas crecca	Eurasian teal	Spain	[147]
		Tachyeres pteneres	Flightless steamerduck	Switzerland	[156]
		Anas strepera	Gadwall	Czech Republic	[155]
		Anser sp.	Goose	Czech Republic	[155]
		Anser albifrons	Greater white-fronted goose	Czech Republic	[155]
		Anser anser	Greylag goose	Czech Republic	[155]
		Anas platyrhynchos	Mallard	Portugal, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Italy, Germany	[144,146,148,155,156]
		Cairina moschata	Muscovy duck	Spain, Portugal, Italy	[144,146,150]
		Branta sandvicensis	Nene	Spain	[151]
Charadriiformes	Laridae	Larus ridibundus	Black-headed gull	Spain	[147]
	Laridae	Larus fuscus	Lesser black-backed gull	Portugal	[144]
	Burhinidae	Burhinus oedicnemus	Eurasian stone-curlew	Spain	[147]
Columbiformes	Columbidae	Streptopelia decaocto	Eurasian collared dove	Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, Italy	[145,146,147,150,152,156,161,164,167]
		Columba livia	Rock dove	UK, Spain, Italy	[146,147,154,161]
		Columba oenas	Stock dove	UK	[168]
		Columba palumbus	Wood pigeon	Spain, Italy, UK	[146,152,168]
Falconiformes	Falconidae	Falco tinnunculus	Common kestrel	Portugal	[144]
Galliformes	Phasianidae	Gallus gallus	Chicken	Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Italy, Russia, UK	[144,146,147,149,151,152,156,161,162,168]
		Pavo cristatus	Common peacock	Switzerland	[156]
		Phasianus colchicus	Common pheasant	Czech Republic, Italy	[146,155]
		Coturnix coturnix	Common quail	Czech Republic	[155]
		Alectoris rufa	Red-legged partridge	Spain	[150]
		Alectoris rufa	Red-legged partridge	Spain	[147]
		Meleagris gallopavo	Turkey	Portugal, Italy	[144,146]
	Numididae	Numida meleagris	Helmeted guineafowl	Italy	[146]
Gruiformes	Gruidae	Grus sp.	-	Spain	[151]
		Grus grus	Common crane	Spain	[150]
		Anthropoides virgo	Demoiselle crane	Switzerland	[156]
	Rallidae	Rallus aquaticus	Water rail	Czech Republic	[155]
	Rallidae	Gallinula chloropus	Common moorhen	Italy	[146]
Passeriformes	Acrocephalidae	Acrocephalus scirpaceus	Eurasian reed warbler	Czech Republic	[155]
Passeriformes	Acrocephalidae	Hippolais polyglotta	Melodious warbler	Portugal, Spain	[144,147]
	Alaudidae	Galerida cristata	Crested lark	Spain, Turkey, Portugal	[144,145,147,150]
	Alaudidae	Alauda arvensis	Eurasian skylark	UK	[168]
	Corvidae	Corvus corone	Carrion crow	Switzerland	[156]
		Garrulus glandarius	Eurasian jay	Turkey	[145]
		Pica pica	Eurasian magpie	Czech Republic, Switzerland, Turkey, Italy	[145,146,155,156,161]
		Cyanopica cooki	Iberian magpie	Portugal	[144]
		Cyanocorax chrysops	Plush-crested jay	Switzerland	[156]
	Emberizidae	Miliaria calandra	Corn bunting	Portugal	[144]
	Emberizidae	Emberiza citrinella	Yellowhammer	Czech Republic, Germany	[148,155]
	Fringillidae	Serinus canaria	Atlantic canary	Portugal	[144]
		Fringilla coelebs	Common chaffinch	Czech Republic	[155]
		Carduelis chloris	European greenfinch	Spain, Italy	[146,151]
		Serinus serinus	European serin	Italy	[167]
		Carduelis chloris	Greenfinch	Spain	[147]
	Hirundinidae	Hirundo rustica	Barn swallow	Czech Republic, UK	[155,168,169]
	Hirundinidae	Delichon urbica	House martin	Portugal, Czech Republic, Italy, Germany	[144,148,155,167]
	Locustellidae	Bradypterus tacsanowskius	Chinese bush warbler	Portugal	[144]
	Motacillidae	Anthus pratensis	Meadow pipit	Spain, UK	[147,168]
		Motacilla alba	Pied wagtail	Czech Republic, Switzerland	[155,156]
		Motacilla flava	Yellow wagtail	UK	[168]
	Muscicapidae	Erithacus rubecula	European robin	Italy, Germany	[148,167]
	Oriolidae	Oriolus oriolus	Eurasian golden oriole	Italy	[146]
	Paridae	Cyanistes caeruleus	Blue tit	Portugal, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Germany	[144,148,149,155,156]
	Paridae	Parus major	Great tit	Switzerland, Italy, UK	[146,156,169]
	Passeridae	Passer montanus	Eurasian tree sparrow	Italy	[146]
	Passeridae	Passer domesticus	House sparrow	Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Italy, UK, Germany	[144,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,156,161,164,167,168]
	Sturnidae	Sturnus sp.	-	Spain	[147]
	Sturnidae	Sturnus vulgaris	European starling	Spain, Czech Republic, Italy, UK	[146,150,155,161,168]
	Sylviidae	Sylvia sp.	-	Spain	[147]
		Sylvia communis	Common whitethroat	Portugal, Czech Republic, Germany	[144,148,155]
		Sylvia atricapilla	Eurasian blackcap	Czech Republic, Italy	[146,155]
		Sylvia borin	Garden warbler	Portugal	[144]
		Sylvia melanocephala	Sardinian warbler	Portugal, Spain	[144,147,150]
	Turdidae	Turdus merula	Blackbird	Spain, Portugal, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Italy, UK, Germany	[144,146,147,148,149,150,152,155,156,161,164,167,168,169]
	Turdidae	Turdus philomelos	Song thrush	Czech Republic, Germany	[148,155]
Pelecaniformes	Ardeidae	Nycticorax nycticorax	Black-crowned night heron	Portugal, Italy, Spain	[144,146,147]
		Bubulcus ibis	Cattle egret	Spain	[147]
		Ardea cinerea	Grey heron	Czech Republic, UK	[155,168]
		Ixobrychus minutus	Little bittern	Spain	[147]
		Ardeola ralloides	Squacco heron	Spain	[147]
Piciformes	Picidae	Jynx torquilla	Eurasian wryneck	Italy	[146]
Psittaciformes	Cacatuidae	Nymphicus hollandicus	Cockatiel	Portugal	[144]
	Psittacidae	Myiopsitta monachus	Monk parakeet	Spain	[152]
	Psittacidae	Cyanoliseus patagonus	Patagonian conure	Switzerland	[156]
Sphenisciformes	Spheniscidae	Spheniscus humboldti	Humboldt's penguin	Switzerland	[156]
Strigiformes	Tytonidae	Tyto alba	Barn owl	UK	[168]
	Tytonidae	Tyto alba guttata	Dark-breasted barn owl	UK	[168]
	Strigidae	Athene noctua	Little owl	Turkey, Italy	[145,146]
	Strigidae	Asio otus	Long-eared owl	UK, Portugal, Spain	[147,149,168]
Suliformes	Sulidae	Morus bassanus	Northern gannet	Portugal	[144]