Table 4.
Multifunctional hybrid metal-based nanomaterials for radiation therapy
| NP type | Metal 1 | Metal 2 | Metal 3 | Coating | Size (nm) | Functionalization & delivered drug | Radiation/energy | Cells & tumor models | Function | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spheres | Au | Pt (cisplatin) | None | None | 50 | MUA | 660 keV γ-ray (source of 137Cs) | S1, S2, and SP56 cells (human glioblastoma multiforme) | Chemotherapy Radiosensitization |
197 |
| Dendrites | Au | Pt | None | PEG | 30 | None | X-ray | 4T1 cells (breast cancer) | CT imaging Radiosensitization PTT |
198 |
| Spheres | Au | Gd (chelates) | None | None | N/A | DTDTPA | 660 keV γ-ray (source of 137Cs) X-ray microbeam (~72 Gy s-1 mA-1) |
U87 cells Sprague-Dawley rats with osteosarcoma Fischer 344 rats with 9LGS cells (glioma) |
MRI Radiosensitization Monitoring and evaluation |
199 |
| Polymeric micelles | Au | Fe (SPIONs) | None | PEG-PCL | 100 | None | 150 kVp X-ray | HT1080 cells (human fibrosarcoma) Nu/nu mice with HT1080 |
MRI Radiosensitization Monitoring and evaluation |
200 |
| Spheres | Au (core) | Mn (MnO2, shell) | None | PEG | ~100 | None | 160 keV X-ray | 4T1 cells BALB/c mice with 4T1 |
MRI Radiosensitization |
201 |
| Spheres | Au (core) | Mn (MnS, shell) | Zn (ZnS, shell) | PEG | ~110 | None | X-ray | 4T1 cells BALB/c mice with 4T1 |
MRI Radiosensitization |
202 |
| Spheres | Pt | Fe | None | Cysteamine | 3 | None | 6 MV X-ray | HEK293T cells (human embryonic kidney) HeLa cells |
Chemotherapy Radiosensitization |
203 |
| Spheres | Ag | Fe (SPIONs) | None | None | ~102 | Epidermal growth factor receptor-specific antibody | X-ray | CNE cells (human nasopharyngeal carcinoma) | MRI Radiosensitization |
204 |
| Flakes | Gd (Gd (III), doped) | W (WS2, base) | None | C18PMH-PEG | ~0.268 | None | X-ray | 4T1 cells BALB/c mice with 4T1 |
CT imaging MRI PA imaging Radiosensitization PTT |
205 |
| Clusters | Gd | W | None | BSA | 3.5 | None | X-ray | BALB/c mice with MDA-MB-231 (human breast adenocarcinoma) BALB/c mice with BEL-7402 (human hepatocellular carcinoma) |
CT imaging MRI Radiosensitization PTT |
206 |
| Particles/fragments | Gd (AGuIX, silica-based) | Bi (Bi (III), entrapped) | None | None | sub-5 | DOTAGA DOTA-NHS |
220 kVp & 6 MV X-ray | A549 cells (human non-small cell lung cancer) Mice with A549 |
CT imaging MRI Radiosensitization |
207 |
| Spheres | Gd/ Eu (doped) |
Zn (ZnO, base) | None | None | 9 | None | 200 kVp X-ray 1.25 MeV γ-ray (source of 60Co) |
PC3 cells (human prostate carcinoma) L929 cells (fibroblast) HeLa cells |
CT imaging MRI Radiosensitization PDT |
208 |
| Spheres | Fe (SPIONs, core) | Zn (ZnO, shell) | None | None | < 200 | Transferrin receptor antibody Doxorubicin |
6 MeV X-ray | SMMC-7721 cells (human hepatocellular carcinoma) BALB/c mice with SMMC-7721 |
MRI Chemotherapy Radiosensitization |
209 |
| “Bullet-like” | Bi (Bi2Se3, shell) | Mn (MnSe, core) | None | PEG | Length: 132 Width: 111 |
None | 140 keV X-ray | 4T1 cells BALB/c mice with 4T1 |
CT imaging MRI Radiosensitization PTT |
210 |
| Sheets | Bi (Bi2S3) | Mo (MoS2) | None | PEG | ~300 | None | X-ray | L929 cells BALB/c mice with 4T1 |
CT imaging PA imaging Radiosensitization PTT |
211 |
BSA: bovine serum albumin; C18PMH: poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene); CT: computed tomography; DOTAGA: 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1-glutaric anhydride-4,7,10-triacetic acid; DTDTPA: dithiolated derivative of the diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid; MUA: mercaptoundecanoic acid; NHS: N-hydroxysuccinimide; PA: photoacoustic; PCL: polycaprolactone; PDT: photodynamic therapy; PTT: photothermal therapy.