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(a) SEM images of E. coli without treatment of TPIP-FONs. (b) SEM images of E. coli with the treatment of 2 µg/mL TPIP-FONs for 2 h. (c) SEM images of S. aureus without treatment of TPIP-FONs. (d) SEM images of S. aureus with the treatment of 2 µg/mL TPIP-FONs for 2 h. Red arrows indicate the damage of bacterial cells. Blue arrows show the formation of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) on the surface of bacteria cells.
