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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Toxicol. 2017 Dec 5;8:20–27. doi: 10.1016/j.cotox.2017.11.015

Figure 1. Representative scheme of metabolic reprogramming in Cr(VI) carcinogenesis.

Figure 1

Chronic exposure of cells to Cr(VI) causes ROS generation which is responsible for malignant cell transformation. Once the cells are malignant transformed, those cells exhibit activated PI3K/Akt, reduced ROS generation, and elevated levels of antioxidants and HIF-1α, resulting in reduction of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and upregulations of pentose phosphate pathway, glycolysis, and glutaminolysis, leading to tumorigenesis.