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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nutr Res. 2017 Nov 2;50:63–72. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.10.017

Table 2.

Dietary intake of antioxidants at baseline and 8 weeks1

Antioxidant Usual/Plac Usual/Supp Antiox-Food/Plac P value*
Total Carotenoids (µg/d)
Baseline 12664 ± 1223 8178 ± 746 14955 ± 2054
8 weeks 12632 ± 1233 13561 ± 3803 25849 ± 2850 .061
Alpha carotene (µg/d)
  Baseline 640 ± 106 491 ± 105 598 ± 142
  8 weeks 659 ± 131 1680 ± 1062 1236 ± 304 .462
Beta carotene (µg/d)
  Baseline 3633 ± 325 3066 ± 408 3891 ± 531
  8 weeks 4356 ± 782 5290 ± 2284 9478 ± 1531 .130
Lutein (µg/d)
  Baseline 2450 ± 289 2096 ± 258 2826 ± 494
  8 weeks 2558 ± 416a 2005 ± 286a 6157 ± 1268b .010
Lycopene (µg/d)
  Baseline 5706 ± 1000 2355 ± 391 7144 ± 1579
  8 weeks 4836 ± 675 4344 ± 556 8170 ± 1349 .190
Cryptoxanthin (µg/d)
  Baseline 234 ± 46 170 ± 35 496 ± 252
  8 weeks 223 ± 44 242 ± 108 809 ± 145 .444
Total Tocopherols (mg/d)
Baseline 24.5 ± 1.9 24.7 ± 1.7 28.8 ± 2.1
8 weeks 24.7 ± 2.8 24.0 ± 1.5 34.9 ± 2.1 .053
Alpha Tocopherol (mg/d)
  Baseline 9.1 ± 0.6 8.0 ± 0.6 10.7 ± 1.1
  8 weeks 9.8 ± 1.1a 8.7 ± 0.9a 17.3 ± 1.1b .0004
Beta Tocopherol (mg/d)
  Baseline 0.4 ± 0.0 0.4 ± 0.0 0.5 ± 0.0 <.0001
  8 weeks 0.4 ± 0.0a 0.4 ± 0.0a 1.0 ± 0.1b
Gamma Tocopherol (mg/d)
  Baseline 13.3 ± 1.4 14.7 ± 1.3 15.5 ± 1.3 .865
  8 weeks 12.7 ± 1.9 13.2 ± 1.2 14.9 ± 1.2
Delta Tocopherol (mg/d)
  Baseline 1.8 ± 0.3 1.6 ± 0.2 2.0 ± 0.3 .334
  8 weeks 1.7 ± 0.4 1.7 ± 0.2 1.6 ± 0.2
Selenium (µg/d)
Baseline 129 ± 9 117 ± 7 122 ± 7
8 weeks 129 ± 14a 120 ± 7a 287 ± 24b <.0001
Vitamin C (mg/d)
Baseline 95 ± 9 84 ± 7 107 ± 13
8 weeks 98 ± 9a 79 ± 7a 280 ± 23b <.0001

All values are means ± SEM.

1

Dietary intake reflects intake from foods only, and excludes intake from supplements Usual/Plac, placebo group (usual diet and placebo pills), n=29; Usual/Supp, supplement group (usual diet and antioxidant supplement), n=29; Antiox-Food/Plac, diet group (antioxidant-rich diet and placebo pills), n=30.

*

Obtained using a test for treatment by time interaction in a linear mixed model. When this effect was significant (p<.05), shared superscripts indicate no difference in baseline to 8 week changes between groups by Westfall’s test for multiple comparisons; no shared superscripts indicate significant difference.