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Absorption spectra of (A) BSA-NaC-urea and (B) BSA-NaDC-urea. Emission spectra of (C) BSA-NaC-urea and (D) BSA-NaDC-urea. Insets of (C) and (D): Normalized fluorescence spectra of BSA and BSA-BS-urea systems, showing the emission wavelength shift in each of the system. [BSA] = 5 μM; [NaC] = 20 mM; [NaDC] = 12 mM; [urea] (1 →10) = 0–9.6 M; [urea] (11) = 9.6 M; T = 25 °C; pH = 7.4.
