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. 2018 Mar 19;8:4758. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-23097-9

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The experimental setup and analysis for the electroporation of the GUVs. (A) A picture of the electroporation setup. (B) A schematic of the sucrose-filled GUV in the glucose environment, in between the electrodes with a distance ranging between 0.6 and 1 mm. The drawing is not to scale. (C) Bright field image of a sucrose-filled GUV in a glucose environment. (D) The analysis of the GUVs: the contour is tracked, after which the area, A, and the perimeter, P, are determined. From these, the normalised area and the form factor are calculated. The form factor is 1 for a circular GUV, and less than one for a non-circular GUV. The scale bar is 10 μm.