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. 2018 Mar 19;8:4758. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-23097-9

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The response of the 8:2 DPPC:DPhPC GUVs to increasing electric pulses. (A) The averaged normalised area and (B) the form factor of the homogeneous- and domain-GUVs. The data is averaged over 13 different GUVs, with radii between 11 and 28 μm, where 7 GUVs contain domains (radius between 11 and 28 μm) and 6 GUVs have fully mixed phases (radius between 14 and 22 μm). The dotted lines represent the least-squares fit with a sigmoid curve. (C) The images of the domain- and the homogeneous-GUVs before and more than 100 seconds after the first pulse at 445 V/mm (domain-GUV) or the third pulse at 890 V/mm (homogeneous-GUV), respectively. (D) Bright field and fluorescence images of the homogeneous-GUV shown in (C) before the pulse, during the pulse when a macropore is observed, and after the pulse. The fluorescence images are only captured before and after the pulse. The scale bar is 10 μm.