Table 4.
Standardised differences in scores on the communication, gross motor, personal social, and combined scales of the Extended Ages and Stages Questionnaire after 2 years of intervention
| N, mean (SD) | Mean difference vs control group (95% CI) | Mean difference vs combined water, sanitation, and handwashing group (95% CI) | Mean difference vs nutrition group (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Communication Z score | ||||
| Control | 1099, 0·00 (1·00) | 0 (ref) | ·· | ·· |
| Water | 565, 0·09 (0·96) | 0·10 (−0·02 to 0·21) | ·· | ·· |
| Sanitation | 555, 0·20 (0·95) | 0·21 (0·09 to 0·33) | ·· | ·· |
| Handwashing | 543, 0·20 (0·94) | 0·21 (0·10 to 0·31) | ·· | ·· |
| Combined water, sanitation, and handwashing | 547, 0·15 (0·93) | 0·14 (0·03 to 0·26) | 0 (ref) | ·· |
| Nutrition | 541, 0·19 (0·86) | 0·19 (0·10 to 0·28) | ·· | 0 (ref) |
| Combined water, sanitation, handwashing, and nutrition | 553, 0·25 (0·90) | 0·26 (0·16 to 0·36) | 0·11 (−0·02 to 0·25) | 0·07 (−0·05 to 0·19) |
| Gross motor Z score | ||||
| Control | 1099, 0·00 (1·00) | 0 (ref) | ·· | ·· |
| Water | 557, 0·01 (0·93) | 0·01 (−0·11 to 0·13) | ·· | ·· |
| Sanitation | 549, 0·12 (0·93) | 0·12 (0·00 to 0·25) | ·· | ·· |
| Handwashing | 535, 0·10 (0·93) | 0·12 (0·00 to 0·23) | ·· | ·· |
| Combined water, sanitation, and handwashing | 539, 0·16 (0·87) | 0·16 (0·04 to 0·27) | 0 (ref) | ·· |
| Nutrition | 528, 0·18 (0·95) | 0·19 (0·08 to 0·30) | ·· | 0 (ref) |
| Combined water, sanitation, handwashing, and nutrition | 546, 0·14 (0·94) | 0·14 (0·03 to 0·25) | −0·01 (−0·12 to 0·11) | −0·05 (−0·19 to 0·10) |
| Personal social Z score | ||||
| Control | 1099, 0·00 (1·00) | 0 (ref) | ·· | ·· |
| Water | 557, 0·11 (0·91) | 0·13 (0·01 to 0·25) | ·· | ·· |
| Sanitation | 544, 0·28 (0·97) | 0·29 (0·18 to 0·40) | ·· | ·· |
| Handwashing | 528, 0·26 (0·94) | 0·28 (0·17 to 0·40) | ·· | ·· |
| Combined water, sanitation, and handwashing | 538, 0·28 (1·01) | 0·27 (0·16 to 0·38) | 0 (ref) | ·· |
| Nutrition | 528, 0·22 (0·97) | 0·22 (0·11 to 0·33) | ·· | 0 (ref) |
| Combined water, sanitation, handwashing, and nutrition | 538, 0·34 (0·98) | 0·35 (0·24 to 0·46) | 0·07 (−0·06 to 0·20) | 0·13 (−0·01 to 0·28) |
| Combined Z score | ||||
| Control | 1099, 0·00 (1·00) | 0 (ref) | ·· | ·· |
| Water | 539, 0·14 (0·86) | 0·15 (0·04 to 0·26) | ·· | ·· |
| Sanitation | 531, 0·31 (0·86) | 0·31 (0·19 to 0·43) | ·· | ·· |
| Handwashing | 502, 0·27 (0·87) | 0·29 (0·19 to 0·39) | ·· | ·· |
| Combined water, sanitation, and handwashing | 519, 0·25 (0·90) | 0·24 (0·14 to 0·35) | 0 (ref) | ·· |
| Nutrition | 506, 0·27 (0·83) | 0·28 (0·18 to 0·37) | ·· | 0 (ref) |
| Combined water, sanitation, handwashing, and nutrition | 522, 0·36 (0·81) | 0·37 (0·27 to 0·46) | 0·12 (−0·01 to 0·24) | 0·10 (−0·02 to 0·21) |