Table 1.

Brain processes, their imbalances, and the behavioral symptoms that they cause in the iSTART model, enhanced with the current results about perseverative behaviors due to basal ganglia imbalances.

Brain regions	Imbalance	Symptoms
Non-specific thalamus, hippocampus, cingulate	High vigilance	Hyperconcrete categories, narrow focus of attention
Amygdala, hypothalamus	Underaroused emotional depression	Emotional flatness with emotional hypersensitivity over elevated threshold
Hippocampus	Failure of adaptive spectrally timed learning and performance	Motivated attention cannot be sustained and behaviors that require it not learned or performed
Cerebellum	Failure of adaptive spectrally timed learning and performance	Timed actions cannot be learned or performed
Basal ganglia (SNc)	Failure of adaptive spectrally timed learning and performance	Failure of timed reinforcement learning and performance
Hippocampus, cerebellum, basal ganglia (SNc)	Failure of adaptive spectrally timed learning and performance	Fragile X syndrome
Basal ganglia (SNr)	Increased direct pathway activity and/or decreased indirect pathway activity	Autistic perseverative behaviors