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. 2018 Mar 13;9:227. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00227

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Copyright © 2018 Ding, Sun, Lian, Xu, Liu, Zheng, Zhang, Han, Liu, Chen, God′spower and Li.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Streptococcus suis biofilm formation inhibition and elimination by emodin and emodin nanoparticles. (A) S. suis biofilm formation inhibition by emodin and emodin nanoparticles with different concentration. (B) S. suis biofilm formation inhibition by emodin and emodin nanoparticles at different incubation time. (C) S. suis biofilm formation elimination by emodin and emodin nanoparticles with different concentration. (D) S. suis biofilm elimination by emodin and emodin nanoparticles at different incubation time. (E) SEM of (a) S. suis biofilm, (b) the S. suis biofilm incubated with 8× MIC emodin nanoparticles for 12 h, and (c) the S. suis incubated with 1/2× MIC emodin nanoparticles for 72 h (^∗∗p < 0.05).