Table 1.
Baseline demographic, clinical, laboratory, and hemodynamic characteristics of the study population by eGFR
| All | CKD1 | CKD2 | CKD3 | CKD4 | CKD5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of patients | 705 | 84 | 63 | 108 | 132 | 318 |
| Age (years) | 48.12 ± 15.02 | 39.50 ± 15.59 | 45.49 ± 15.10 | 49.52 ± 15.15 | 51.54 ± 15.30 | 46.44 ± 14.63 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male, n (%) | 390 (55.32%) | 44 (52.38%) | 25 (39.68%) | 75 (69.44%) | 85 (64.39%) | 161 (52.83%) |
| Female, n (%) | 315 (44.68%) | 40 (47.62%) | 38 (60.32%) | 33 (30.56%) | 47 (35.61%) | 157 (47.17%) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.32 ± 4.45 | 21.88 ± 4.08 | 22.43 ± 4.58 | 22.04 ± 4.56 | 22.19 ± 3.88 | 22.56 ± 4.70 |
| Etiology of CKD, n (%) | ||||||
| Glomerulonephritis | 481 (68.23%) | 65 (77.38%) | 39 (61.90%) | 79 (73.15%) | 83 (62.88%) | 215 (67.61%) |
| Diabetic nephropathy | 104 (14.75%) | 9 (10.71%) | 13 (20.63%) | 12 (11.11%) | 25 (18.94%) | 45 (14.15%) |
| Hypertensive nephropathy | 57 (8.09%) | 4 (4.76%) | 6 (9.52%) | 9 (8.33%) | 13 (9.85%) | 25 (7.86%) |
| Lupus nephritis | 14 (1.99%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.59%) | 1 (0.93%) | 5 (3.79%) | 7 (2.20%) |
| Polycystic kidney disease | 20 (2.84%) | 3 (3.57%) | 1 (1.59%) | 3 (2.78%) | 1 (0.76%) | 12 (3.77%) |
| Others | 29 (4.11%) | 3 (3.57%) | 3 (4.76%) | 4 (3.70%) | 5 (3.79%) | 14 (4.40%) |
| Medications, n (%) | ||||||
| ACEI or ARB | 294 (41.70%) | 49 (58.33%) | 16 (25.40%) | 0 (0%) | 51 (38.64%) | 178 (55.97%) |
| Diuretics | 88 (12.48%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 28 (25.93%) | 24 (18.18%) | 36 (11.32%) |
| CCB | 407 (57.73%) | 21 (25%) | 21 (25%) | 64 (59.26%) | 92 (69.70%) | 209 (65.72%) |
| β-blocker | 285 (40.43%) | 13 (15.48%) | 16 (25.40%) | 43 (39.81%) | 64 (48.48%) | 149 (46.86%) |
| α-blocker | 18 (2.55%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (1.85%) | 5 (3.79%) | 11 (3.46%) |
| Digoxin | 14 (1.99%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 14 (4.40%) |
| Warfarin | 26 (3.69%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 12 (11.11%) | 0 (0%) | 14 (4.40%) |
| Prostacyclin | 247 (35.04%) | 0 (0%) | 12 (19.05%) | 76 (70.37%) | 82 (62.12%) | 77 (24.21%) |
| Laboratory tests | ||||||
| Hb (g/L) | 94.19 ± 23.46 | 103.66 ± 20.54 | 100.68 ± 21.29 | 103.05 ± 26.33 | 94.64 ± 23.56 | 87.22 ± 21.26 |
| ALB (g/L) | 34.75 ± 5.68 | 35.60 ± 5.07 | 34.39 ± 5.26 | 34.80 ± 5.59 | 34.27 ± 5.25 | 34.78 ± 6.11 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.37 ± 1.16 | 4.41 ± 0.98 | 4.50 ± 1.28 | 4.44 ± 1.30 | 4.12 ± 0.93 | 4.41 ± 1.21 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.68 ± 1.10 | 1.52 ± 0.82 | 1.53 ± 0.80 | 1.66 ± 1.03 | 1.82 ± 1.26 | 1.70 ± 1.17 |
| Proteinuria (mg/24 h) | 1783.13 ± 1233.31 | 1387.64 ± 1016.40 | 1586.44 ± 1122.68 | 1543.20 ± 1207.24 | 1699.50 ± 1158.92 | 2042.75 ± 1294.12 |
| Ca (mmol/L) | 2.17 ± 0.19 | 2.20 ± 0.11 | 2.16 ± 0.11 | 2.27 ± 0.12 | 2.22 ± 0.14 | 2.22 ± 0.24 |
| P (mmol/L) | 1.41 ± 0.52 | 0.99 ± 0.12 | 1.04 ± 0.13 | 1.11 ± 0.13 | 1.25 ± 0.23 | 1.76 ± 0.57 |
| PTH (pg/ml) | 326.20 ± 180.71 | 271.98 ± 123.31 | 334.10 ± 182.36 | 290.55 ± 153.09 | 320.75 ± 146.67 | 353.33 ± 207.99 |
| Ferritin (ng/ml) | 350.27 ± 192.52 | 319.08 ± 95.40 | 331.24 ± 92.25 | 366.82 ± 258.77 | 354.95 ± 132.96 | 354.72 ± 218.88 |
| SI (μmol/L) | 12.38 ± 5.62 | 12.74 ± 4.88 | 12.36 ± 5.62 | 12.49 ± 5.36 | 11.60 ± 5.69 | 12.58 ± 5.86 |
| C3 (g/L) | 0.96 ± 0.29 | 1.01 ± 0.32 | 0.96 ± 0.29 | 0.98 ± 0.31 | 0.93 ± 0.31 | 0.94 ± 0.27 |
| Hemodynamics | ||||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 141.24 ± 14.14 | 137.43 ± 12.18 | 138.30 ± 9.89 | 138.45 ± 16.09 | 142.33 ± 14.78 | 143.32 ± 13.97 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 85.44 ± 9.80 | 82.41 ± 9.21 | 84.48 ± 8.34 | 84.43 ± 10.35 | 84.28 ± 10.08 | 87.26 ± 9.62 |
| PASP (mmHg) | 39.39 ± 13.86 | 32.40 ± 9.35 | 38.38 ± 14.66 | 38.04 ± 13.69 | 38.86 ± 13.78 | 42.13 ± 14.09 |
| LVEF (%) | 62.05 ± 10.04 | 65.08 ± 10.02 | 64.81 ± 6.49 | 63.92 ± 8.46 | 61.45 ± 9.88 | 60.31 ± 10.79 |
eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, CKD chronic kidney disease, BMI body mass index, ACEI angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, CCB calcium channel blocker, Hb hemoglobin, ALB albumin, TC total cholesterol, TG triglyceride, PTH parathyroid hormone, SI serum iron, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, PASP pulmonary artery systolic pressure, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction. Results are reported as means ± standard deviation