Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants
| Variable | CS1 | CS2 | χ 2 | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | |||
| Total | 2010 | 100.0 | 2073 | 100.0 | ||
| Demographic | ||||||
| Community | ||||||
| Ipiranga | 439 | 21.8 | 487 | 23.5 | 34.507 | < 0.0001 |
| Brasileirinho | 1185 | 59.0 | 1049 | 50.6 | ||
| Puraquequara | 386 | 19.2 | 537 | 25.9 | ||
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 1058 | 52.6 | 1080 | 52.1 | 0.119 | 0.731 |
| Female | 952 | 47.4 | 993 | 47.9 | ||
| Age group | ||||||
| < 5 yrs | 256 | 12.7 | 251 | 12.1 | 2.815 | 0.589 |
| ≥ 5–11 yrs | 361 | 18.0 | 349 | 16.8 | ||
| 12–17 yrs | 253 | 12.6 | 249 | 12.0 | ||
| 18–59 yrs | 957 | 47.7 | 1017 | 49.1 | ||
| ≥ 60 yrs | 181 | 9.0 | 207 | 10.0 | ||
| Occupation | ||||||
| Office worker and higher education student | 318 | 15.8 | 296 | 14.3 | 45.221 | < 0.0001 |
| Agriculture/fishing | 349 | 17.4 | 277 | 13.4 | ||
| Housewife | 289 | 14.4 | 346 | 16.7 | ||
| Retired | 106 | 5.3 | 97 | 4.7 | ||
| School children | 481 | 23.9 | 484 | 23.4 | ||
| Infants and preschool children | 312 | 15.5 | 300 | 14.5 | ||
| Unemployed/ other | 154 | 7.7 | 269 | 13.0 | ||
| More than 2 months in the area | ||||||
| Yes | 1866 | 93.8 | 2017 | 97.8 | 40.359 | < 0.0001 |
| No | 124 | 6.2 | 46 | 2.2 | ||
| Recent travel (last month) | ||||||
| Yes | 188 | 9.4 | 186 | 9.0 | 0.196 | 0.658 |
| No | 1814 | 90.6 | 1883 | 91.0 | ||
| Malaria control | ||||||
| Use of a bednet | ||||||
| No use | 1002 | 49.9 | 1297 | 62.6 | 317.571 | < 0.0001 |
| < 1 yr | 940 | 46.8 | 487 | 23.5 | ||
| 1–2 yrs | 68 | 3.4 | 289 | 13.9 | ||
| IRS past 6 months | ||||||
| Yes | 1140 | 56.7 | 759 | 36.6 | 165.854 | < 0.0001 |
| No | 869 | 43.3 | 1313 | 63.3 | ||
| Fly screen | ||||||
| Yes | 376 | 18.8 | 408 | 19.7 | 0.565 | 0.452 |
| No | 1627 | 81.2 | 1663 | 80.3 | ||
| Malaria morbidity | ||||||
| Previous episodes | ||||||
| 0 | 587 | 29.3 | 606 | 29.3 | ||
| 1–3 | 656 | 32.8 | 614 | 29.6 | 6.479 | 0.091 |
| 4–10 | 455 | 22.7 | 487 | 23.5 | ||
| > 10 | 303 | 15.1 | 359 | 17.3 | ||
| Episode in past two weeks | ||||||
| Yes | 24 | 1.2 | 21 | 1.0 | 0.307 | 0.580 |
| No | 1986 | 98.8 | 2052 | 99.0 | ||
| Current symptoms | ||||||
| Fevera | 108 | 5.4 | 84 | 4.1 | 3.974 | 0.046 |
| Symptoms other than feverb | 76 | 3.8 | 16 | 0.8 | 42.857 | < 0.0001 |
Abbreviations: CS1, cross-sectional survey 1; CS2, cross-sectional survey 2
a> 37.5 °C at visit or past 48 h
bExcluding individuals with other symptoms and fever