Table 2.
Adjusted service use means (95% confidence intervals) across 24 months by intervention and housing stability
| Service Use Domain | Housing First | Standard Care | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sustained Housing Instability (n = 82–87) |
Late Housing Instability (n = 87–89) |
Sustained Housing Stability (n = 712–732) |
Late Housing Stability (n = 72–78) |
Sustained Housing Instability (n = 299–312) |
Late Housing Instability (n = 32–34) |
Sustained Housing Stability (n = 153–158) |
Late Housing Stability (n = 155–160) |
|
| Emergency department (visits/6 months) | ||||||||
| Baseline | 2.30 (1.51, 3.09) | 3.55 (2.78, 4.33) | 1.92 (1.66, 2.19) | 1.92 (1.08, 2.76) | 1.71 (1.30, 2.12) | 2.68 (1.44, 3.91) | 2.05 (1.47, 2.63) | 2.11 (1.54, 2.69) |
| Year 1 | 0.61 (− 0.18, 1.40) | 2.03 (1.27, 2.80) | 1.05 (0.78, 1.31) | 1.08 (0.26, 1.90) | 1.33 (0.91, 1.75) | 1.32 (0.06, 2.57) | 1.11 (0.53, 1.68) | 1.97 (1.39, 2.54) |
| Year 2 | 0.59 (− 0.20, 1.38) | 1.50 (0.73, 2.27) | 0.83 (0.56, 1.10) | 0.74 (− 0.07, 1.56) | 1.14 (0.73, 1.55) | 1.10 (−0.13, 2.34) | 0.83 (0.25, 1.41) | 1.04 (0.47, 1.62) |
| Hospital stays, medical (days/3 months) | ||||||||
| Baseline | 0.13 (− 0.83, 1.08) | 0.37 (− 0.58, 1.32) | 0.94 (0.61, 1.27) | 0 (−1.01, 1.01) | 0.54 (0.04, 1.05) | 0 (−1.53, 1.53) | 0.50 (−0.21, 1.21) | 1.51 (0.81, 2.22) |
| Year 1 | 0.17 (−0.79, 1.13) | 0.33 (−0.62, 1.28) | 0.32 (− 0.01, 0.65) | 1.12 (0.11, 2.13) | 0.68 (0.17, 1.18) | 0.04 (− 1.50, 1.57) | 0.25 (− 0.46, 0.96) | 0.46 (− 0.25, 1.17) |
| Year 2 | 0.49 (− 0.46, 1.45) | 0.55 (− 0.40, 1.49) | 0.53 (0.20, 0.86) | 0.51 (− 0.50, 1.52) | 1.09 (0.58, 1.59) | 0.15 (− 1.38, 1.69) | 0.49 (− 0.22, 1.20) | 0.44 (− 0.27, 1.15) |
| Hospital stays, psychiatric (days/3 months) | ||||||||
| Baseline | 1.28 (− 0.98, 3.53) | 1.78 (− 0.45, 4.00) | 4.22 (3.44, 4.99) | 4.92 (2.55, 7.30) | 2.67 (1.48, 3.86) | 2.00 (− 1.60, 5.60) | 3.95 (2.28, 5.60) | 3.80 (2.14, 5.46) |
| Year 1 | 2.98 (0.73, 5.23) | 2.01 (−0.22, 4.24) | 1.54 (0.77, 2.32) | 5.16 (2.78, 7.54) | 3.30 (2.11, 4.49) | 0.39 (−3.20, 3.99) | 0.84 (−0.83, 2.51) | 3.00 (1.34, 4.66) |
| Year 2 | 4.56 (2.31, 6.82) | 3.11 (0.88, 5.34) | 0.92 (0.14, 1.69) | 2.24 (−0.14, 4.62) | 2.97 (1.79, 4.16) | 0.53 (−3.07, 4.13) | 0.54 (−1.13, 2.21) | 1.31 (−0.35, 2.97) |
| Outpatient hospital services (visits/6 months) | ||||||||
| Baseline | 0.57 (−0.42, 1.56) | 1.15 (0.17, 2.13) | 1.54 (1.20, 1.88) | 0.46 (−0.62, 1.54) | 0.87 (0.35, 1.40) | 1.28 (−0.34, 2.90) | 1.44 (0.70, 2.18) | 1.35 (0.62, 2.09) |
| Year 1 | 0.40 (−0.60, 1.41) | 0.33 (−0.65, 1.30) | 0.86 (0.52, 1.20) | 0.41 (−0.64, 1.46) | 0.97 (0.44, 1.50) | 0.42 (−1.17, 2.02) | 2.37 (1.64, 3.10) | 1.01 (0.28, 1.75) |
| Year 2 | 0.42 (−0.59, 1.42) | 0.17 (−0.81, 1.15) | 0.59 (0.25, 0.94) | 0.56 (−0.48, 1.60) | 0.83 (0.31, 1.35) | 3.41 (1.84, 4.99) | 1.56 (0.82, 2.30) | 0.95 (0.22, 1.68) |
| Specialized crisis services (calls and visits/6 months) | ||||||||
| Baseline | 2.00 (0.51, 3.49) | 1.29 (−0.16, 2.75) | 1.36 (0.85, 1.87) | 0.97 (−0.61, 2.56) | 0.77 (−0.01, 1.56) | 1.59 (− 0.77, 3.94) | 1.68 (0.58, 2.79) | 1.19 (0.09, 2.29) |
| Year 1 | 0.39 (−1.12, 1.90) | 1.13 (−0.33, 2.58) | 0.75 (0.25, 1.26) | 0.91 (−0.66, 2.47) | 0.52 (−0.27, 1.32) | 0.62 (−1.77, 3.01) | 1.61 (0.52, 2.70) | 0.85 (−0.25, 1.95) |
| Year 2 | 0.46 (−1.03, 1.96) | 0.48 (−0.99, 1.94) | 1.45 (0.94, 1.96) | 0.62 (−0.93, 2.18) | 0.66 (−0.12, 1.44) | 0.43 (−1.93, 2.78) | 0.93 (− 0.18, 2.03) | 1.53 (0.44, 2.62) |
| Drop-in centers (visits/6 months) | ||||||||
| Baseline | 75.30 (55.64, 94.96) | 71.78 (52.45, 91.10) | 68.26 (61.51, 75.00) | 86.77 65.72, 107.83) | 86.82 (76.40, 97.24) | 45.39 (13.66, 77.13) | 63.34 (48.74, 77.94) | 84.59 (70.18, 99.00) |
| Year 1 | 62.63 (42.62, 82.64) | 63.92 (44.59, 83.24) | 47.59 (40.85, 54.33) | 54.96 (34.18, 75.73) | 88.65 (78.10, 99.19) | 54.24 (22.51, 85.98) | 36.87 (22.37, 51.38) | 71.72 (57.08, 86.36) |
| Year 2 | 70.43 (50.54, 90.32) | 73.70 (54.27, 93.13) | 40.88 (34.08, 47.69) | 53.22 (32.58, 73.86) | 68.47 (58.14, 78.81) | 54.13 (22.87, 85.40) | 29.07 (14.42, 43.71) | 58.79 (44.29, 73.30) |
| Homeless shelters (days/3 months) | ||||||||
| Baseline | 32.31 (27.02, 37.59) | 24.78 (19.55, 30.00) | 32.17 (30.35, 33.99) | 33.23 (27.65, 38.80) | 31.13 (28.34, 33.91) | 32.72 (24.28, 41.17) | 34.91 (30.99, 38.83) | 31.39 (27.50, 35.29) |
| Year 1 | 18.68 (13.40, 23.97) | 5.55 (0.33, 10.77) | 5.31 (3.49, 7.13) | 16.56 (10.98, 22.14) | 23.63 (20.84, 26.42) | 12.05 (3.61, 20.50) | 10.12 (6.20, 14.04) | 22.93 (19.04, 26.83) |
| Year 2 | 14.31 (9.02, 19.59) | 6.46 (1.24, 11.68) | 0.85 (−0.98, 2.67) | 3.61 (−1.97, 9.19) | 16.92 (14.13, 19.71) | 9.61 (1.16, 18.06) | 0.82 (−3.10, 4.74) | 6.01 (2.11, 9.90) |
| Food banks (visits/6 months) | ||||||||
| Baseline | 1.29 (0.28, 2.30) | 1.82 (0.82, 2.82) | 1.95 (1.60, 2.29) | 1.49 (0.41, 2.56) | 1.97 (1.44, 2.51) | 0.74 (−0.87, 2.34) | 2.29 (1.54, 3.03) | 1.41 (0.67, 2.15) |
| Year 1 | 0.85 (−0.18, 1.88) | 2.16 (1.17, 3.15) | 3.32 (2.97, 3.66) | 1.21 (0.15, 2.28) | 1.70 (1.15, 2.24) | 1.86 (0.23, 3.49) | 2.83 (2.08, 3.57) | 2.08 (1.33, 2.83) |
| Year 2 | 0.85 (−0.18, 1.87) | 1.55 (0.55, 2.55) | 3.14 (2.79, 3.49) | 2.64 (1.58, 3.70) | 1.58 (1.05, 2.11) | 2.82 (1.22, 4.43) | 2.54 (1.79, 3.29) | 2.84 (2.10, 3.59) |
| Prison (days/3 months) | ||||||||
| Baseline | 9.00 (6.51, 11.49) | 4.15 (1.69, 6.60) | 1.42 (0.56, 2.28) | 6.50 (3.87, 9.13) | 4.19 (2.88, 5.51) | 3.09 (−0.89, 7.07) | 1.63 (− 0.22, 3.47) | 1.19 (− 0.64, 3.03) |
| Year 1 | 17.78 (15.29, 20.26) | 2.08 (−0.38, 4.54) | 0.79 (− 0.06, 1.65) | 8.83 (6.21, 11.46) | 5.32 (4.01, 6.63) | 0.70 (−3.28, 4.68) | 0.77 (−1.07, 2.62) | 0.64 (−1.19, 2.48) |
| Year 2 | 22.72 (20.24, 25.21) | 12.25 (9.79, 14.71) | 0.82 (−0.04, 1.67) | 3.18 (0.55, 5.81) | 6.89 (5.58, 8.21) | 4.71 (0.74, 8.69) | 0.40 (−1.44, 2.25) | 0.45 (−1.38, 2.28) |