Table 1.

Baseline characteristic and risk factors of patients in Gum Arabic and Placebo groups (n = 91)

Variables	Gum Arabic (n = 46)		Placebo (n = 45)
		SEM		SEM	P value	95 % C.I of differences
						Lower Upper
Age (Years) a	49.96 ± 8.73	1.29	50.22 ± 9.29	1.39	0.89	−4.02	3.49
Male b	12(26.1%)		6(26.1%)		0.19
Female b	34(73.9%)		39(86.7%)
Duration of DM (months) a	64.04 ± 55.43	8.17	59.53 ± 48.09	7.17	0.68	−17.13	26.15
Height (cm) a	162.26 ± 9.01	1.33	161.07 ± 8.82	1.31	0.52	−2.52	4.91
Weight (kg) a	72.86 ± 15.72	2.32	77.07 ± 13.84	2.06	0.18	−10.38	1.96
Waist circumferences (cm) a	98.65 ± 12.41	1.83	94.76 ± 14.9	2.22	0.18	−1.81	9.60
WHR a	0.93 ± 0.08	0.011	0.89 ± 0.10	0.015	0.08	−0.00	0.067
BMI (Kg/m2) a	27.66 ± 5.37	0.79	29.96 ± 6.54	0.97	0.07	−4.79	0.19
BAI a	33.90 ± 7.46	1.10	34.38 ± 8.65	1.29	0.77	−3.64	2.72
VAI a	3.17 ± 2.29	0.34	2.08 ± 1.55	0.23	0.01	0.24	2.00
DAAT,cm2 a	190.92 ± 70.88	10.45	153.65 ± 67.37	10.04	0.01	5.61	62.90
LAP,cm.mmol/l a	61.28 ± 39.46	5.81	41.65 ± 32.86	4.90	0.01	2.66	36.58
SBP (mmHg) a	131.74 ± 16.37	2.43	128.44 ± 14.45	2.19	0.312	−3.14	9.73
DBP (mmHg) a	80.00 ± 9.89	1.42	78.22 ± 8.87	1.35	0.148	−2.14	5.69
TG (mmol/l) a	1.54 ± 0.63	0.093	1.10 ± 0.54	0.08	0.00	0.156	0.72
HDL(mmol/l) a	1.10 ± 0.39	0.058	1.15 ± 0.39	0.059	0.57	−0.22	0.12
Hypertension b	14(30.4%)		6(13.3%)		0.07
Smoking b	5(10.9%)		2(4.4%)		0.43
Exercise this year b,c	3(6.5%)		2(4.4%)		0.66
Alcohol consumption b	2(4.3%)		2(4.4%)		0.98

Values are presented as ^a Mean ± SD, ^b number (percentage) [15]

Abbreviations: BMI Body Mass Index, SBP Systolic Blood Pressure DBP Diastolic Blood Pressure

^c Exercise in year 2014 to 2015