Table 1.

Common drug-related problems in patients with heart failure.

Reprinted from Journal of Cardiac Failure, 19(5), Milfred-LaForest SK et al. Clinical pharmacy services in heart failure: an opinion paper from the Heart Failure Society of America and American College of Clinical Pharmacy Cardiology Practice and Research Network, 354–369, Copyright (2013), with permission from Elsevier [5]

Problem	Patient indicated for a treatment who
Lack of treatment	Is not receiving the treatment
Suboptimal treatment	Is receiving the wrong medication
Undertreatment	Is receiving a subtherapeutic dose
Inaccessible treatment	Is unable to obtain medication
Overdose	Is receiving a toxic dose
Adverse reaction to treatment	Is receiving an indicated dose and experiences treatment-related side effects
Drug interaction	Is receiving an indicated dose and experiences side effects due to interactions with other treatments or dietary components
Off-label use	Has no FDA-approved indication for the treatment being used

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