Table 2.
Likelihood of having low health literacy per one standard deviation better cognitive functioning among older adults, in odds ratios (and 95% confidence intervals)
| Low health literacy (vs. high) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Model 1a | Model 2b | |
| Current cognitive functioning (in z-scores) | ||
| Memory (n = 944) | 0.58*** (0.48–0.71) |
0.69*** (0.56–0.85) |
| Information processing speed (n = 947) | 0.50*** (0.40–0.63) |
0.66*** (0.52–0.84) |
| Mental flexibility (n = 942) | 0.56*** (0.46–0.68) |
0.67*** (0.54–0.83) |
| Global cognitive functioning (n = 932) | 0.38*** (0.29–0.50) |
0.51*** (0.38–0.69) |
| Past cognitive functioning (in z-scores; measured 10 years earlier) | ||
| Past memory (n = 732) | 0.55*** (0.43–0.71) |
0.71* (0.54–0.93) |
| Past information processing speed (n = 734) | 0.49*** (0.37–0.66) |
0.71* (0.51–0.97) |
| Past mental flexibility (n = 733) | 0.56*** (0.43–0.73) |
0.75* (0.56–1.00) |
| Past global cognitive functioning (n = 729) | 0.34*** (0.25–0.48) |
0.51*** (0.35–0.75) |
*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001
aAdjusted for age, age squared, and gender
bAdjusted for age, age squared, gender, and educational level