. 2018 Jan 30;3(1):e000610. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000610

Table 1.

Cluster randomised trials assessing the combination of IRS and LLIN with results available to date

Reference	Country	Transmission intensity	Primary outcome	IRS product	Result	Comment
Corbel et al ⁵	Benin	Moderate	Incidence by active case detection	Carbamate	No benefit	Carbamate applied every 8 months, not fully covering transmission season
Pinder et al ⁶	Gambia	Moderate	Incidence by passive case detection	Organochloride	No benefit	Reported LLIN usage >95%
Kafy⁸	Sudan	Low	Incidence by active case detection	Carbamate or pyrethroid	Significant protection with carbamate No benefit from deltamethrin (unpublished)	Carbamate IRS in addition to LLINs appeared to slow the emergence of pyrethroid resistance relative to LLINs only.³⁸
West et al ⁷	Tanzania	High	Prevalence	Carbamate	Significant added protection	Evaluated the incremental effect of two rounds of bendiocarb in Tanzania and found significant added protection, even across a wide range of net usage³⁹
Hamainza et al ⁴⁰	Zambia	High	RDT positivity rate (community level)	Pyrethroid (two different) or organophosphate (two formulations)	Significant added benefit (shorter duration for pyrethroids)	Found benefit in the combination, even when the insecticide used for IRS was a pyrethroid

IRS, indoor residual spraying; LLIN, long-lasting insecticide-treated nets; RDT, rapid diagnostic test.