Table 1.

Biomarkers in cardiorenal syndromes.

Syndromes	Biomarkers	References
Acute cardiorenal (type 1)
Cardiac	cTnT, BNP, NT-proBNP, MPO, MR-proADM	Ronco et al. [1]; Klip et al. [44]
Renal	Creatinine, cystatin C, NGAL, KIM-1, NAG, IL-18	Ronco et al. [1]
Chronic cardiorenal (type 2)
Cardiac	BNP, NT-proBNP, CRP, ST2	Ronco et al. [1]; Daniels and Bayes-Genis [38]
Renal	Creatinine, microalbuminuria, cystatin C, CRP, homocysteine, uric acid, urotensin II, aldosterone	Ronco et al. [1]; Iacoviello et al. [48]; Fox et al. [49]; Garoufi et al. [50]
Acute renocardiac (type 3)
Cardiac	BNP, NT-proBNP	Ronco et al. [1]
Renal	Creatinine, cystatin C, NGAL, KIM-1, NAG, IL-18	Ronco et al. [1]
Chronic renocardiac (type 4)
Cardiac	BNP, NT-proBNP, CRP	Ronco et al. [1]
Renal	Creatinine, microalbuminuria, cystatin C, homocysteine, uric acid, urotensin II, aldosterone	Ronco et al. [1]; Iacoviello et al. [48]; Fox et al. [49]; Garoufi et al. [50]
Secondary CRS (type 5)
Cardiac	BNP, CRP, procalcitonin, ST2	Ronco et al. [1]; Daniels and Bayes-Genis [38]
Renal	Creatinine, NGAL, IL-18, KIM-1, NAG	Ronco et al. [1]

BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; CRP: C-reactive protein; cTnT: cardiac troponin T; IL-18: interleukin-18; KIM-1: kidney injury molecule-1; MPO: myeloperoxidase; MR-proADM: midregional proadrenomedullin; NAG: N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase; NGAL: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; NT-proBNP: N-terminal proBNP.