Table 2.
Changes in the foot progression angle (FPA), step width, knee adduction moment (KAM) peaks, and knee flexion moment (KFMabs) peaks during the baseline, 10° toe-in, and 10° toe-out trials. The FPA is reported as an absolute measure with respect to the forward direction. This is unlike the relative FPAs which we report elsewhere. Knee moments are normalized and reported as percent body-weight (BW) times height (ht). P-values compare baseline with toe-in or toe-out gait.
| Baseline | 10° Toe-in
|
10° Toe-out
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p-value | p-value | ||||
| FPA (deg, absolute) | 2.6 ± 3.7 | −7.3 ± 3.6 | <.001 | 12.4 ± 3.7 | <.001 |
| Step Width at 50% Stance (cm) | 19.3 ± 3.0 | 19.1 ± 3.1 | .690 | 25.1 ± 5.3 | <.001 |
| KAM First Peak | |||||
| (%BW*ht) | 2.86 ± 0.92 | 2.59 ± 1.00 | 2.74 ± 1.12 | ||
| Reduction (%) | 10.5 ± 16.8 | .012 | 7.4 ± 16.6 | .061 | |
| KAM Second Peak | |||||
| (%BW*ht) | 2.04 ± 0.88 | 2.00 ± 0.85 | 1.51 ± 0.73 | ||
| Reduction (%) | 1.1 ± 14.5 | .737 | 27.6 ± 17.0 | <.001 | |
| KFMabs First Peak | |||||
| (%BW*ht) | 3.12 ± 1.08 | 3.36 ± 1.30 | 3.54 ± 1.12 | ||
| Reduction (%) | −10.9 ± 29.2 | .112 | −18.7 ± 28.6 | .009 | |
| KFMabs Second Peak | |||||
| (%BW*ht) | 1.90 ± 0.63 | 1.73 ± 0.77 | 1.84 ± 0.70 | ||
| Reduction (%) | 6.0 ± 32.3 | .417 | 1.5 ± 26.0 | .797 | |