Table 1.
Sample characteristics
| Time 1 (n = 412) | Time 2 (n = 412) | Time 3 (n = 222) | Time 4 (n = 140) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | ||||
| Age, years | 71.4 (7.7) | 73.6 (7.7) | 75.3 (7.2) | 76.9 (7.2) |
| Female, N (%) | 209 (50.7) | 209 (50.7) | 108 (48.7) | 71 (50.7) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.9 (4.6) | 27.3 (4.7) | 27.2 (4.6) | 27.0 (4.4) |
| Education, yearsa | 17 (2) | 17 (2) | 17 (2) | 17 (2) |
| Cognitive impairment or dementia, N (%) | 0 (0) | 3 (0.7) | 3 (1.4) | 4 (2.9) |
| Global mental state | ||||
| MMSE (range 0–30) | 28.8 (1.2) | 28.7 (1.4) | 28.6 (1.4) | 28.7 (1.3) |
| Executive function | ||||
| DSST (range 0–90) | 47.0 (10.9) | 44.9 (11.4) | 41.8 (11.4) | 41.7 (11.2) |
| TMT-B, s, median (IQR) | 69.5 (33) | 71.0 (36) | 69.5 (36) | 71.0 (37) |
| Verbal memory | ||||
| CVLT immediate recall | 52.5 (12.1) | 52.5 (12.7) | 54.2 (13.1) | 53.1 (12.6) |
| CVLT short-delay free recall (range 0–16) | 10.7 (3.3) | 10.6 (3.5) | 10.9 (3.4) | 10.6 (3.4) |
| CVLT long-delay free recall (range 0–16) | 11.2 (3.3) | 11.2 (3.3) | 11.4 (3.4) | 11.1 (3.5) |
| Mobility measures | ||||
| Usual gait speed, m/s | 1.14 (0.18) | 1.12 (0.19) | 1.13 (0.20) | 1.10 (0.19) |
| 400 m time, s | 267.4 (41.3) | 279.2 (52.4) | 290.2 (65. 3) | 297.1 (66.0) |
| Use of a walking aid, N (%) | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.5) | 3 (1.4) | 3 (2.1) |
aPresented in years of full time education.
Note: MMSE, Mini-mental State Exam; DSST, Digit symbol substitution test; TMT-B, Trail Making Test Part-B; CVLT, California Verbal Learning Test. Values are mean (SD) unless otherwise noted.