Structural equation model for serum levels of 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) and incident end-stage renal disease (ESRD), Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, United States, 1990–2013. This figure displays the structural equation models for the association between 1,5-AG and ESRD, adjusted for demographics and established risk factors (A); adjusted for demographics, established risk factors, and latent kidney function (B); and adjusted for demographics, established risk factors, latent kidney function, and latent glycemia (C). These 3 models were used to assess the independence of the association between 1,5-AG and ESRD after accounting for known risk factors, markers of kidney function (using a latent variable), and markers of glycemia (using a separate latent variable). 1,5-AG, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting glucose, estimated glomerular filtration rate based on serum creatinine and serum cystatin C (eGFRCr-Cys), and estimated glomerular filtration rate based on serum β2-microglobulin (eGFRβ2M) were standardized and log-transformed.