Table 2.
Vaccination Coverage Estimated Using Alternative Influenza-Negative Control Groups, 2011–2017
| First Author, Year (Reference No.) | Setting | Age Group | Season | Type of Control Group | Difference (ORV+, PAN−), %a | PAN−, %b | ORV+/FLU−, %c | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FLU-Negative | ORV-Positive | PAN-Negative | |||||||||||||
| No. of Persons Vaccinated | Total No. | % Vaccinated | No. of Persons Vaccinated | Total No. | % Vaccinated | No. of Persons Vaccinated | Total No. | % Vaccinated | |||||||
| Blyth, 2014 (24) | Outpatient | 5–59 months | 2008–2012d | 128 | 1,200 | 10.7 | 85 | 794 | 10.7 | 43 | 406 | 10.6 | 0.1 | 26.8 | 66.2 |
| Feng, 2017 (34) | Outpatient | All ages | 2010–2011 | 957 | 2,784 | 34.4 | 422 | 1,176 | 35.9 | 528 | 1,591 | 33.2 | 2.7 | 37.8 | 42.2 |
| Feng, 2017 (34) | Outpatient | All ages | 2011–2012 | 721 | 1,692 | 42.6 | 343 | 701 | 48.9 | 375 | 984 | 38.1 | 10.8 | 45.5 | 41.4 |
| Feng, 2017 (34) | Outpatient | All ages | 2012–2013 | 907 | 2,430 | 37.3 | 379 | 958 | 39.6 | 526 | 1,461 | 36.0 | 3.6 | 34.2 | 39.4 |
| Kelly, 2011 (27) | Outpatient | 5–59 months | 2008 | 43 | 63 | 68.3 | 34 | 47 | 72.3 | 9 | 16 | 56.3 | 16.0 | 21.3 | 74.6 |
| Levy, 2014 (28) | Outpatient | All ages | 2010 | 71 | 302 | 23.5 | 27 | 89 | 30.3 | 44 | 213 | 20.7 | 9.6 | 47.5 | 29.5 |
| Levy, 2014 (28) | Outpatient | All ages | 2011 | 58 | 246 | 23.6 | 11 | 66 | 16.7 | 47 | 180 | 26.1 | –9.4 | 51.3 | 26.8 |
| Levy, 2014 (28) | Outpatient | All ages | 2012 | 177 | 758 | 23.4 | 40 | 191 | 20.9 | 137 | 567 | 24.2 | –3.3 | 41.7 | 25.2 |
| Nunes, 2014 (29) | Outpatient | All ages | 2012–2013 | 38 | 183 | 20.8 | 20 | 70 | 28.6 | 18 | 113 | 15.9 | 12.7 | 33.7 | 38.3 |
| Pierse, 2016 (30) | Outpatient | All ages | 2014 | 144 | 677 | 21.3 | 59 | 299 | 19.7 | 85 | 378 | 22.5 | –2.8 | 32.8 | 44.2 |
| Sullivan, 2014 (31) | Outpatient | All ages | 2012 | 218 | 821 | 26.6 | 77 | 313 | 24.6 | 141 | 508 | 27.8 | –3.2 | 35.9 | 38.1 |
| Sundaram, 2013 (32) | Outpatient, UCDs, and ACHs | 6 months–5 years | 2004/2005–2009/2010 | 1,014 | 1,759 | 57.6 | 782 | 1,411 | 55.4 | 232 | 348 | 66.7 | –11.3 | 17.3 | 80.2 |
| Sundaram, 2013 (32) | Outpatient, UCDs, and ACHs | ≥50 years | 2004/2005–2009/2010 | 937 | 1,359 | 68.9 | 439 | 659 | 66.6 | 498 | 736 | 67.7 | –1.1 | 42.3 | 47.2 |
| Suzuki, 2014 (33) | Outpatient | >10 years | 2011–2012 | 66 | 193 | 34.2e | 12 | 26 | 46.2e | 54 | 167 | 32.3e | 13.9 | 54.0 | 13.5 |
| van Doorn, 2017 (35) | Outpatient | All ages | 2003–2014 | 579 | 2,754 | 21.0 | 142 | 676 | 21.0 | 437 | 2,078 | 21.0 | 0 | 51.3 | 24.5 |
| Cowling, 2014 (25) | Inpatient | 6 months–17 years | 2009–2013 | 428 | 4,737 | 9.0 | 107 | 1,185 | 9.0 | 321 | 3,552 | 9.0 | 0 | 65.8 | 25.0 |
| Grijalva, 2015 (26) | Inpatient | All ages | 2010–2012 | 766 | 2,605 | 29.4 | 368 | 1,196 | 30.8 | 398 | 1,409 | 28.2 | 2.6 | 50.9 | 45.9 |
| Pierse, 2016 (30) | Inpatient | All ages | 2014 | 267 | 735 | 36.3 | 57 | 248 | 23.0 | 210 | 487 | 43.1 | –20.1 | 46.8 | 33.7 |
Abbreviations: ACHs, acute-care hospitals; FLU, influenza; ORV, other/another respiratory virus; PAN, panel; UCDs, urgent-care departments.
a Defined as vaccination coverage in the ORV-positive group minus vaccination coverage in the PAN-negative group.
b Percentage of participants who were PAN-negative among influenza-negative participants.
c Percentage of participants who were ORV-positive among influenza-negative participants.
d Data for 2009 were not included.
e There were 4 subjects in the ORV-positive control group and 18 subjects in the PAN-negative control group with missing data on vaccination status. Persons with missing vaccination status were not excluded; their vaccination status was categorized as “unknown,” and they were included in the analysis.