Table 2.

Coefficients (β (SE^a)) from Ordinary Least Squares Models of the Influence of Food Environment on Body Mass Index^b With Individual Fixed Effects (ITT Approach^c), Northern California, 2006–2011

Variable	Modeld
	1	2	3	4	5 (Nonmovers)	6 (Movers)
Intercept	31.59 (0.01)e	31.37 (0.02)e	36.58 (0.10)e	36.73 (0.18)e	36.73 (0.2)e	36.75 (0.42)e
Food environment in prior yearf	−0.25 (0.03)e	−0.09 (0.03)e	−0.097 (0.03)e	−0.09 (0.03)e	−0.09 (0.04)g	−0.06 (0.07)
Age, years (centered)			−0.12 (0.00)e	−0.12 (0.00)e	−0.12 (0.00)e	−0.13 (0.01)e
Medicaid enrollment			0.16 (0.08)g	0.08 (0.12)	0.01 (0.12)	0.16 (0.23)
Charlson comorbidity index			−0.03 (0.00)e	−0.04 (0.00)e	−0.04 (0.00)e	−0.04 (0.01)e
On insulinh			0.47 (0.02)e	0.28 (0.02)e	0.27 (0.03)e	0.30 (0.05)e
On oral medicationh			0.32 (0.01)e	0.25 (0.02)e	0.26 (0.02)e	0.22 (0.04)e
On weight gainh			−0.04 (0.03)	−0.04 (0.03)	−0.03 (0.04)	−0.09 (0.08)
On weight lossh			−0.1 (0.02)e	−0.09 (0.03)e	−0.09 (0.03)e	−0.11 (0.07)i
Population density, persons/square milej				0.01 (0.00)	0.00 (0.01)i	0.00 (0.01)
Proportion white				−0.01 (0.07)	0.08 (0.08)	−0.15 (0.11)
Proportion black				0.03 (0.04)	0.05 (0.05)	−0.01 (0.06)
Proportion below federal poverty line				0.08 (0.08)	0.09 (0.11)	0.07 (0.12)
No. of individuals	179,378	179,378	177,244	171,120	139,784	31,336
No. of observations	2,380,290	2,380,290	2,344,061	1,438,136	1,172,446	265,690

Abbreviations: ITT, intention to treat; SE, standard error.

^a Robust SE clustered on the individual.

^b Weight (kg)/height (m)².

^c With the ITT approach, participants’ residences were modeled using their 2006 address, regardless of whether they moved.

^d Models 2–6 adjusted for month and year indicators and measurement method (not shown).

^eP < 0.01.

^f Kernel density surface of good food (t − 1).

^gP < 0.05.

^h Indicators for use of medication (insulin, oral medication, and medications that cause weight gain or weight loss).

ⁱP < 0.1.

^j Coefficient was multiplied by 1,000 for display.