Table 6.
Relative risk for clinical impairment compared to matched controls
| SCIRR (95% CI) | TBIRR (95% CI) | StrokeRR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| NIHTB motor scores | |||
| 9-Hole Peg Dominant Hand | 4.06 (2.87, 4.74)* | 3.00 (1.95, 4.64)* | 3.36 (2.33, 4.85)* |
| 9-Hole Peg Non-Dominant Hand | 4.82 (3.31, 7.01)* | 3.11 (2.04, 4.74)* | 4.31 (2.88, 6.45)* |
| Grip Strength Dominant Hand | 5.18 (3.33, 8.06)* | 1.18 (0.73, 1.90) | 2.86 (1.84, 4.42)* |
| Grip Strength Non-Dominant Hand | 4.94 (3.25, 7.51)* | 2.13 (1.30, 3.49)* | 4.02 (2.59, 6.23)* |
| BAM | 8.00 (5.04, 12.68)* | 1.97 (1.29, 2.99)* | 4.08 (2.73, 6.09)* |
| 2-Minute Walk (endurance) | 5.42 (3.96, 7.43)* | 2.62 (1.73, 3.97)* | 5.51 (3.84, 7.90)* |
| 4-Meter Walk—Usual Pace (locomotion) | 6.68 (4.67, 9.53)* | 1.93 (1.21, 3.08)* | 4.49 (3.08, 6.56)* |
| 4-Meter Walk—Fast Pace (locomotion) | 6.87 (4.77, 9.89)* | 1.46 (0.91, 2.35) | 5.06 (3.42, 7.49)* |
| NIHTB sensation scores | |||
| Odor Identification Test | 0.88 (0.57, 1.36) | 2.03 (1.41, 2.91)* | 1.06 (0.73, 1.55) |
| Static Visual Acuity | 1.82 (1.17, 2.84)* | 1.49 (0.95, 2.35) | 1.64 (1.10, 2.44) |
| DVA | 0.90 (0.53, 1.52) | 1.51 (0.97, 2.36) | 1.78 (1.15, 2.74)* |
| Toolbox Taste Test—Quinine | 1.01 (0.60, 1.71) | 1.35 (0.82, 2.21) | 0.85 (0.53, 1.37) |
| Toolbox Taste Test—Salt | 0.43 (0.24, 0.79)* | 0.65 (0.37, 1.14) | 0.27 (0.14, 0.53)* |
| NIHTB cognition scores | |||
| Crystallized Intelligence Composite | 1.37 (0.84, 2.21) | 1.21 (0.75, 1.93) | 1.98 (1.26, 3.13)* |
| Picture Vocabulary | 1.55 (0.94, 2.57) | 1.16 (0.69, 1.92) | 1.83 (1.15, 2.91)* |
| Oral Reading Recognition | 1.12 (0.70, 1.78) | 1.06 (0.67, 1.70) | 1.47 (0.99, 2.20) |
| Fluid Intelligence Composite | 1.50 (0.94, 2.40) | 2.89 (1.91, 4.38)* | 3.69 (2.50. 5.43)* |
| Picture Sequence Memory Test | 1.88 (1.21, 2.92)* | 2.80 (1.89, 4.14)* | 4.12 (2.67, 6.35)* |
| Pattern Comparison | 1.00 (0.62, 1.63) | 2.09 (1.38, 3.16)* | 2.84 (1.97, 4.09)* |
| List Sorting | 0.90 (0.59, 1.36) | 2.03 (1.38, 3.00)* | 2.34 (1.66, 3.30)* |
| Flanker | 1.78 (1.16, 2.74)* | 3.13 (2.07, 4.73) | 2.97 (2.07, 4.27)* |
| DCCS | 2.44 (1.54, 3.87)* | 2.50 (1.66, 3.76)* | 3.21 (2.19, 4.70)* |
| NIHTB emotion scores | |||
| Negative Affect Composite | 1.29 (0.85, 1.96) | 1.82 (1.19, 2.78)* | 2.68 (1.64, 4.39)* |
| Anger-Affect | 1.23 (0.78, 1.96) | 1.61 (1.02, 2.55) | 1.66 (1.02, 2.69) |
| Anger-Hostility | 0.97 (0.66, 1.43) | 0.92 (0.63, 1.33) | 1.36 (0.91, 2.04) |
| Sadness | 1.42 (0.95, 2.11) | 2.11 (1.34, 3.33)* | 2.15 (1.37, 3.53)* |
| Fear-Affect | 1.79 (1.09, 2.96) | 2.33 (1.43, 3.78)* | 2.35 (1.46, 3.78)* |
| Perceived Stress | 1.40 (0.89, 2.22) | 2.07 (1.26, 3.39)* | 3.31 (1.79, 6.15)* |
| Social satisfaction composite | 1.59 (1.12, 2.25)* | 1.39 (0.93, 2.07) | 1.85 (1.29, 2.65)* |
| Friendship | 1.50 (1.02, 2.19) | 1.57 (1.04, 2.37) | 2.16 (1.47, 3.16)* |
| Loneliness | 1.71 (1.23, 2.38)* | 1.86 (1.27, 2.72)* | 1.47 (1.03, 2.09) |
| Emotional Support | 2.02 (1.41, 2.90)* | 1.70 (1.12, 2.56) | 1.82 (1.28, 2.57)* |
| Instrumental Support | 0.73 (0.47, 1.12) | 1.28 (0.84, 1.96) | 1.34 (0.91, 1.98) |
| Perceived Rejection | 1.12 (0.74, 1.68) | 1.54 (0.97, 2.45) | 1.78 (1.18, 2.66)* |
| Psychological well-being composite | 1.89 (1.28, 2.81)* | 1.91 (1.21, 3.00)* | 1.94 (1.29. 2.91)* |
| General Life Satisfaction | 2.51 (1.81, 3.46)* | 1.52 (1.02, 2.26) | 2.00 (1.44, 2.80)* |
| Meaning and Purpose | 1.62 (1.06, 2.48) | 1.71 (1.09, 2.69)* | 2.11 (1.36, 3.29)* |
| Positive Affect | 1.66 (1.12, 2.45)* | 1.70 (1.10, 2.61)* | 1.55 (1.04, 2.29) |
| Additional emotion scores | |||
| Perceived Hostility | 1.65 (1.04, 2.62) | 1.61 (0.98, 2.64) | 1.24 (0.79, 1.94) |
| Anger-Physical Aggression | 1.16 (0.82, 1.63) | 1.33 (0.96, 1.84) | 2.83 (1.76, 4.55)* |
| Fear-Somatic Arousal | 2.44 (1.66, 3.60)* | 1.99 (1.34, 2.96)* | 1.57 (1.08, 2.29) |
| Self-Efficacy | 2.06 (1.33, 31.20)* | 2.26 (1.43, 3.57)* | 2.87 (1.84, 4.49)* |
Notes: All scores are reported as T scores (M = 50, SD = 10): T scores for the motor and cognitive domains are demographically adjusted for age, sex, education, and race/ethnicity, T scores for the sensory domain are demographically adjusted for age, sex, and education, and T scores for the emotion domain are compared to the general U.S. Census; NIHTB = NIH Toolbox; DCCS = Dimensional Change Card Sort; BAM = Balance Accelerometer Measure; the control sample did not include data on NIHTB Pain Interference, thus relative risk was not able to be calculated for this measure.
*Significant p value after Bonferroni correction employed.