Table 1.
Participant Characteristics According to Fibroid Status, Right From the Start: A Study of Early Pregnancy Health, Southern United States, 2000–2012
| Characteristic | No Fibroids (n = 4,941) |
At Least 1 Fibroid (n = 571) |
ORa | 95% CI | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of Participants | % | No. of Participants | % | |||
| Maternal age, years | ||||||
| <25 | 1,065 | 21.55 | 48 | 8.41 | 1.00 | Referent |
| 25–29 | 1,770 | 35.82 | 139 | 24.34 | 1.74 | 1.24, 2.44 |
| 30–34 | 1,525 | 30.86 | 225 | 39.40 | 3.27 | 2.37, 4.51 |
| ≥35 | 581 | 11.76 | 159 | 27.85 | 6.07 | 4.33, 8.52 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 3,564 | 72.13 | 324 | 56.74 | 1.00 | Referent |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 822 | 16.64 | 188 | 32.92 | 2.52 | 2.07, 3.06 |
| Hispanic ethnicity | 341 | 6.90 | 32 | 5.60 | 1.03 | 0.71, 1.51 |
| Other | 210 | 4.25 | 27 | 4.73 | 1.41 | 0.93, 2.15 |
| Refused to answer | 4 | 0.08 | 0 | 0.00 | ||
| Education | ||||||
| High school or less | 921 | 18.64 | 69 | 12.08 | 1.00 | Referent |
| Some college | 916 | 18.54 | 102 | 17.86 | 1.49 | 1.08, 2.04 |
| College or more | 3,103 | 62.80 | 400 | 70.05 | 1.72 | 1.32, 2.24 |
| Missing | 1 | 0.02 | 0 | 0.00 | ||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married/cohabiting | 4,364 | 88.32 | 501 | 87.74 | 1.00 | Referent |
| Other | 577 | 11.68 | 70 | 12.26 | 1.06 | 0.81, 1.38 |
| Employment | ||||||
| No | 1,388 | 28.09 | 146 | 25.57 | 1.00 | Referent |
| Yes | 3,268 | 66.14 | 408 | 71.45 | 1.19 | 0.97, 1.45 |
| Missing | 285 | 5.77 | 17 | 2.98 | ||
| Household income, $/year | ||||||
| ≤40,000 | 1,430 | 28.94 | 137 | 23.99 | 1.00 | Referent |
| 40,001–80,000 | 1,672 | 33.84 | 214 | 37.48 | 1.34 | 1.07, 1.67 |
| ≥80,001 | 1,386 | 28.05 | 188 | 32.92 | 1.42 | 1.12, 1.79 |
| Missing | 453 | 9.17 | 32 | 5.60 | ||
| Parity | ||||||
| 0 | 2,202 | 44.57 | 270 | 47.29 | 1.00 | Referent |
| 1 | 1,604 | 32.46 | 185 | 32.40 | 0.94 | 0.77, 1.15 |
| ≥2 | 798 | 16.15 | 93 | 16.29 | 0.95 | 0.74, 1.22 |
| Missing | 337 | 6.82 | 23 | 4.03 | ||
| Miscarriage history | ||||||
| None | 3,602 | 72.90 | 386 | 67.60 | 1.00 | Referent |
| Any | 1,002 | 20.28 | 162 | 28.37 | 1.51 | 1.24, 1.84 |
| Missing | 337 | 6.82 | 23 | 4.03 | ||
| Prior termination of pregnancy | ||||||
| None | 3,963 | 80.21 | 434 | 76.01 | 1.00 | Referent |
| Any | 641 | 12.97 | 114 | 19.96 | 1.62 | 1.30, 2.03 |
| Missing | 337 | 6.82 | 23 | 4.03 | ||
| Body mass indexb | ||||||
| <18.5 | 126 | 2.55 | 11 | 1.93 | 0.94 | 0.50, 1.77 |
| 18.5–24.9 | 2,641 | 53.45 | 244 | 42.73 | 1.00 | Referent |
| 25.0–29.9 | 1,139 | 23.05 | 159 | 27.85 | 1.51 | 1.22, 1.87 |
| ≥30 | 945 | 19.13 | 153 | 26.80 | 1.75 | 1.41, 2.17 |
| Missing | 90 | 1.82 | 4 | 0.70 | ||
| Diabetes | ||||||
| No | 4,516 | 91.40 | 536 | 93.87 | 1.00 | Referent |
| Type 1 | 16 | 0.32 | 1 | 0.18 | 0.53 | 0.07, 3.98 |
| Type 2 | 11 | 0.22 | 4 | 0.70 | 3.06 | 0.97, 9.66 |
| Gestational diabetes | 101 | 2.04 | 13 | 2.28 | 1.08 | 0.60, 1.95 |
| Multiple types | 1 | 0.02 | 0 | 0.00 | ||
| Missing | 296 | 5.99 | 17 | 2.98 | ||
| Progesterone use in first trimester | ||||||
| No | 4,805 | 97.25 | 552 | 96.67 | 1.00 | Referent |
| Yes | 136 | 2.75 | 19 | 3.33 | 1.22 | 0.75, 1.98 |
| Missing | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | ||
| Smoking during pregnancy | ||||||
| No | 4,475 | 90.57 | 537 | 94.05 | 1.00 | Referent |
| Yes | 177 | 3.58 | 17 | 2.98 | 0.80 | 0.48, 1.33 |
| Missing | 289 | 5.85 | 17 | 2.98 | ||
| Alcohol drinking during pregnancy | ||||||
| No | 4,423 | 89.52 | 514 | 90.02 | 1.00 | Referent |
| Yes | 229 | 4.63 | 39 | 6.83 | 1.47 | 1.03, 2.08 |
| Missing | 289 | 5.85 | 18 | 3.15 | ||
| Vitamin use in pregnancy | ||||||
| No | 148 | 3.00 | 13 | 2.28 | 1.00 | Referent |
| Yes | 4,492 | 90.91 | 541 | 94.75 | 1.37 | 0.77, 2.43 |
| Missing | 301 | 6.09 | 17 | 2.98 | ||
| Caffeine use in pregnancy | ||||||
| No | 1,436 | 29.06 | 173 | 30.30 | 1.00 | Referent |
| Yes | 3,220 | 65.17 | 381 | 66.73 | 0.98 | 0.81, 1.19 |
| Missing | 285 | 5.77 | 17 | 2.98 | ||
| Pregnancy intention | ||||||
| No | 1,259 | 25.48 | 148 | 25.92 | 1.00 | Referent |
| Yes | 3,061 | 61.95 | 360 | 63.05 | 1.00 | 0.82, 1.22 |
| Missing | 621 | 12.57 | 63 | 11.03 | ||
| Study site | ||||||
| North Carolina | 2,709 | 54.83 | 368 | 64.45 | 1.00 | Referent |
| Tennessee | 1,847 | 37.38 | 191 | 33.45 | 0.76 | 0.63, 0.92 |
| Texas | 385 | 7.79 | 12 | 2.10 | 0.23 | 0.13, 0.41 |
| Missing | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | ||
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.
a Unadjusted odds ratios from logistic regression.
b Body mass index was calculated as weight (kg)/height (m)2 and was categorized as underweight: <18.5; normal weight: 18.5–24.9; overweight: 25.0–29.9; or obese: ≥30.