Table 1.
Summary of included studies
| Study | Sample and setting | Attitude assessment and score range | Mean attitude score | Qualitya |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beall et al. (1991) [8] | 30 Doctors, USA | Kogan's ATOP+ [48]: Range 34(neg)± to 204(pos)± | 167.7 | Low |
| Belgrave et al. (1982) [9] | 120 1 MSb, USA | Palmore's Bias Score [50]: Range 0(pos) to 15(neg) | 5.3 | Medium |
| Cammer-Paris et al. (1997) [10] | 330 1 MS, three cohorts: 1986 (n = 109), 1991 (n = 105), 1994 (n = 116), USA | ASDc [47]: Range 32(pos) to 224(neg) | 1986 = 129.5; 1991 = 134.7, 1994 = 126.5 | High |
| Cheong et al. (2009) [11] | 342 1 MS and 3 MS, Singapore | Kogan's ATOP [48]: Range 34(neg) to 204(pos) | 1 MS = 135.2; 3 MS = 138.2 | Medium |
| Chua et al. (2008) [12] | 244 1 MS, Singapore | UCLA GASd [35]: Range 1(neg) to 5(pos) | 3.6 | Medium |
| Chumbler et al. (1996) [13] | 481 2 MS and 3 MS, USA | Locally developed scale: Satisfaction subscale range 2(neg) to 14(pos); effectiveness subscale range 4(pos) to 28(neg) | Satisfaction = 3.9; effectiveness = 7.9 | High |
| Chumbler and Ford (1998) [14] | 533 1 MS-4 MS, USA | Chumbler measure [13]: Satisfaction subscale range 2(neg) to 14(pos); effectiveness subscale range 4(pos) to 28(neg) | 1 MS and 2 MS satisfaction = 6.0; 1 MS and 2 MS effectiveness = 5.9; 3 MS and 4 MS satisfaction = 5.6; 3 MS and 4 MS Effectiveness = 5.8 | High |
| De Biasio et al. (2016) [15] | 404 1 MS-4 MS, USA | UCLA GAS [35]: Range 1(neg) to 5(pos) | 1 MS = 3.8; 2 MS = 3.8, 3 MS = 3.7; 4 MS = 3.7 | Low |
| Edwards and Aldous (1996) [16] | 93 Doctors; 290 1 MS, 3 MS-5 MS, United Kingdom | ASD [47]: Range 1(pos) to 7(neg) | 1 MS = 129.9; 3 MS = 126.7; 4 MS = 125.8; 5 MS = 124.8; Faculty: = 124.8 | Low |
| Fields et al. (1992) [17] | 127 4 MS, USA | ASD [47]: Range 32(pos) to 224(neg) | ASD = 130.5 | Medium |
| Fitzgerald et al. (2003) [18] | 171 1 MS, USA | UCLA GAS [35]: Range 1(neg) to 5(pos) Maxwell–Sullivan Scale [30]: Range 1(pos) to 5(neg) | UCLA GAS = 3.7; MSAS = 2.0 | Medium |
| Hellbusch et al. (1995) [19] | 200 Doctors, USA | Kogan's ATOP [48]: Range 34(pos) to 238(neg) | 97.9 | Medium |
| Hogan et al. (2014) [20] | 173 Doctors, USA | UCLA GAS [35]: Range 1(neg) to 5(pos) | 3.79 | Medium |
| Hollar et al. (2011) [21] | 116 1 MS, USA | UCLA GAS [35]: Range 14(neg) to 70(pos) | 52.1 | Medium |
| Holtzman et al. (1979) [22] | 314 1 MS-4 MS, USA | ASD [47]: Range 32(pos) to 224(neg) | 123.7 | Medium |
| Holtzman et al. (1981) [23] | 118 1 MS and 3 MS, USA | ASD [47]: Range 32(pos) to 224(neg) | 1 MS = 119.1; 3 MS = 124.4 | Low |
| Hughes et al. (2008) [24] | 163 1 MS, UK | UCLA GAS [35]: Range 1(neg) to 5(pos) | 3.7 | Medium |
| Kishimoto et al. (2005) [25] | 156 1 MS-3 MS; 55 doctors, USA | UCLA GAS [35]: Range 1(neg) to 5(pos) | 1 MS = 3.9; 2 MS = 3.7; 3 MS = 3.6; PGY1e = 3.6; PGY2 = 3.8; PGY3 = 3.7; Geriatric fellows = 4.1 | Medium |
| Lee et al. (2005) [26] | 177 Doctors, USA | UCLA GAS [35]: Range 1(neg) to 5(pos) | PGY1 = 3.5; PGY2 = 3.7; PGY3 = 3.6; | Medium |
| Leung et al. (2011) [27] | 122 Doctors, Australia | Fraboni's Ageism Scale [59]: Range 29(pos) to 145(neg) | 61.5 | Medium |
| Linn and Zeppa (1988) [28] | 179 3 MS, USA | Kogan's ATOP [48]: Range 1(neg) to 4(pos) | 2.1 | Medium |
| Lui and Wong (2009) [29] | 54 Doctors, Singapore | Kogan's ATOP [48]: Range 34(neg) to 170(pos) | 114.4 | Low |
| Maxwell and Sullivan (1980) [30] | 150 Doctors, USA | Maxwell–Sullivan Scale [30]: Range 1(pos) to 5(neg) | 2.2 | Low |
| Menz et al. (2003) [31] | 81 3 MS and 4 MS, Australia | ASD [47]: Range 32(pos) to 224(neg) Chumbler measure Effectiveness [13]: Range 4(pos) to 28(neg) | ASD = 120.0; effectiveness scale = 18.6 | Low |
| Muangpaisan et al. (2008) [32] | 60 Doctors; 146 4 MS, Thailand | UCLA GAS [35]: Range 16(pos) to 80(neg) | 4 MS = 41.8; Doctors = 40.7 | Low |
| Perrotta et al. (1981) [33] | 127 1 MS, USA | Kogan's ATOP [48]: Range 34(pos) to 170(neg) | 81.0 | Medium |
| Reuben et al. (1995) [34] | 554 1 MS, USA | ASD [47]; Maxwell–Sullivan Scale [30]: Range 32(pos) to 224(neg) | 128.4 | High |
| Reuben et al. (1998) [35] | 142 doctors, USA | UCLA GAS [35]: Range 1(neg) to 5(pos) | PGY1 = 3.4; PGY2 = 3.6, PGY3 = 3.8; Fellows = 4.2; Faculty = 4.2 | Low |
| Richter and Buck (1990) [36] | 85 doctors, USA | Maxwell–Sullivan Scale [30]: Range 28(neg) to 140(pos) | PGY1 = 102.0; PGY2 = 105.3, PGY3 = 105.6; Faculty = 104.3 | Low |
| Ruiz et al. (2015) [37] | 103 1 MS-4 MS, USA | Fraboni's Ageism Scale [59]: Range 29(pos) to 145(neg) | 67 | Low |
| Sainsbury et al. (1994) [38] | 68 Doctors, New Zealand | ASD [47]: Range 32(pos) to 224(neg) | 115.8 | Low |
| Shahidi and Devlen (1993) [39] | 84 2 MS, UK | ASD [47]: Range 32(pos) to 224(neg) | 89.6 | Low |
| Thorson and Powell (1991) [40] | 277 1 MS, USA | Kogan's ATOP [48]: Range 1(pos) to 7(neg) | 102.6 | Low |
| Voogt et al. (2008) [41] | 231 1 MS, USA | UCLA GAS [35]: Range 1(neg) to 6(pos) | 4.5 | Medium |
| Wilderom et al. (1990) [42] | 663 1 MS, USA | Kogan's ATOP [48]: Range 34(pos) to 170(neg) | 81.9 | Medium |
| Yang et al. (2013) [43] | 270 Doctors, China | ASD [47]: Range 1(pos) to 5(neg); Palmore's Bias Score [50]: Range −100(neg) to 100(pos) | ASD = 2.6; FAQ1 Bias score = −17.3 | High |
| Zverev (2015) [44] | 154 1 MS-5 MS, Malawi | Kogan's ATOP [48]: Range 34(neg) to 204(pos) | 129.1 | Medium |
aMore detailed information about the main threats to quality are included in Supplementary Data (Appendix C).
b1 MS–5 MS denotes the year the students included in the study were in medical school from Year 1 Medical Student (i.e. 1 MS) to Year 5 Medical Student (i.e. 5 MS).
cASD: Aging semantic differential.
dGAS: Geriatrics attitude scale, ± neg denotes negative attitudes and pos denotes positive attitudes.
ePGY1–PGY3 denotes year in postgraduate medical training from Postgraduate Year 1 (PGY1) to Postgraduate Year 3 (PGY3), +ATOP: attitudes toward old people scale