Table 3.

Within-Person Mean Difference in Body Mass Index^a Associated With Within-Person Mean Differences in Neighborhood Healthy Food Environment and Neighborhood Recreational Environment, by Baseline Body Mass Index Category^b, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, 2000–2011

Neighborhood Characteristic and BMI Categoryd	Modelc
	Single-Variable Model			Domain Models			Full Model			Summary Model
	βe	95% CI	P Value	βe	95% CI	P Value	βe	95% CI	P Value	βe	95% CI	P Value
Density of SFV			0.354f			0.329f			0.315f			<0.001f
Normal	−0.09	−0.31, 0.13	0.421	−0.10	−0.32, 0.12	0.370	−0.14	−0.36, 0.08	0.209	0.03	−0.07, 0.14	0.534
Overweight	0.06	−0.12, 0.23	0.536	0.06	−0.12, 0.23	0.514	0.05	−0.12, 0.23	0.539	0.09	−0.01, 0.18	0.065
Obese	−0.12	−0.32, 0.07	0.210	−0.12	−0.32, 0.07	0.213	−0.10	−0.30, 0.09	0.314	−0.16	−0.27, −0.06	0.002
Perceived healthy food availability			<0.001f			<0.001f			<0.001f
Normal	0.06	0.00, 0.13	0.067	0.06	0.00, 0.13	0.061	0.04	−0.03, 0.11	0.219
Overweight	0.02	−0.03, 0.08	0.441	0.02	−0.03, 0.08	0.437	0.07	0.01, 0.13	0.032
Obese	−0.13	−0.20, −0.07	<0.001	−0.13	−0.20, −0.07	<0.001	−0.13	−0.20, −0.06	<0.001
Recreational resources			<0.001f			<0.001f			<0.001f			<0.001f
Normal	0.16	0.04, 0.28	0.010	0.15	0.03, 0.27	0.014	0.15	0.03, 0.28	0.013	0.13	0.02, 0.25	0.021
Overweight	0.05	−0.06, 0.17	0.365	0.05	−0.06, 0.17	0.356	0.04	−0.08, 0.15	0.517	−0.13	−0.24, −0.02	0.020
Obese	−0.32	−0.45, −0.19	<0.001	−0.32	−0.45, −0.19	<0.001	−0.30	−0.43, −0.17	<0.001	−0.14	−0.27, −0.01	0.030
Perceived walking environment			0.009f			0.014f			0.004f
Normal	0.06	−0.01, 0.14	0.097	0.06	−0.02, 0.13	0.121	0.04	−0.04, 0.12	0.295
Overweight	−0.08	−0.15, −0.02	0.014	−0.08	−0.15, −0.02	0.013	−0.13	−0.20, −0.05	0.001
Obese	−0.07	−0.14, 0.01	0.092	−0.06	−0.13, 0.02	0.156	0.03	−0.06, 0.11	0.579

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; SFV, supermarkets and fruit-and-vegetable markets.

^a Weight (kg)/height (m)².

^b Econometric fixed-effects models adjusted for time-varying covariates (income, marital status, and cancer diagnosis) and time-invariant covariates with time interaction (baseline age, race/ethnicity, sex, education, duration of residence (years) in neighborhood). Differences across BMI categories were estimated from a term for interaction between BMI category and neighborhood exposure.

^c Single-variable models introduced 1 neighborhood variable at a time; domain models included either food (SFV density, perceived healthy food availability) or physical activity (recreational resources, perceived walking environment) variables simultaneously; the full model included all 4 neighborhood variables in the same model; and the summary model included the z score index for the food and physical activity environments simultaneously.

^d Normal-weight, BMI <25; overweight, BMI 25–29.9; obese, BMI ≥30.

^e Neighborhood characteristics were rescaled to represent a 1-standard-deviation change (for SFV density, 3.6 stores per square mile (1.4 stores per km²); for perceived healthy food availability, 0.6 units; for physical activity resources, 8.4 facilities per square mile (3.2 facilities per km²); and for perceived walking environment, 0.3 units).

^fP value for interaction term between neighborhood characteristics and BMI category at baseline.