Table 1.
Odds Ratios for Refusal of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Testing Among Zambian Adultsa According to Individual and Household Characteristics, Zambia–South Africa TB and AIDS Reduction Study, 2010
| Characteristic | Men (n = 11,484) | Women (n = 22,314) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. Who Refused Test | No. at Risk | % | ORb | 95% CI | No. Who Refused Test | No. at Risk | % | ORb | 95% CI | |
| Age, years | ||||||||||
| 18–24 | 1,362 | 4,294 | 31.7 | 1.00 | Referent | 2,250 | 7,804 | 28.8 | 1.00 | Referent |
| 25–29 | 532 | 1,651 | 32.2 | 1.05 | 0.93, 1.19 | 1,307 | 4,150 | 31.5 | 1.13 | 1.04, 1.23 |
| 30–34 | 448 | 1,355 | 33.1 | 1.06 | 0.93, 1.21 | 977 | 2,916 | 33.5 | 1.24 | 1.13, 1.36 |
| 35–39 | 373 | 1,053 | 35.4 | 1.18 | 1.02, 1.36 | 650 | 1,934 | 33.6 | 1.23 | 1.11, 1.37 |
| 40–49 | 467 | 1,291 | 36.2 | 1.19 | 1.04, 1.35 | 786 | 2,533 | 31.0 | 1.10 | 0.99, 1.21 |
| >50 | 618 | 1,840 | 33.6 | 1.08 | 0.96, 1.21 | 935 | 2,977 | 31.4 | 1.09 | 1.00, 1.20 |
| Region and TB risk | ||||||||||
| Rural, low ARTI | 1,223 | 3,564 | 34.3 | 1.00 | Referent | 2,138 | 6,232 | 34.3 | 1.00 | Referent |
| Urban, low ARTI | 1,053 | 2,616 | 40.3 | 1.29 | 1.17, 1.44 | 1,749 | 4,723 | 37.0 | 1.13 | 1.04, 1.22 |
| Urban (not Lusaka), high ARTI | 831 | 2,303 | 36.1 | 1.08 | 0.97, 1.21 | 1,408 | 4,262 | 33.0 | 0.95 | 0.87, 1.03 |
| Lusaka, high ARTI | 693 | 3,001 | 23.1 | 0.58 | 0.52, 0.65 | 1,610 | 7,097 | 22.7 | 0.56 | 0.52, 0.61 |
| Self-reported HIV status | ||||||||||
| HIV-negative | 1,255 | 4,296 | 29.2 | 0.76 | 0.70, 0.83 | 3,249 | 11,650 | 27.9 | 0.80 | 0.75, 0.85 |
| HIV-positive | 235 | 562 | 41.8 | 1.25 | 1.05, 1.50 | 721 | 1,921 | 37.5 | 1.21 | 1.09, 1.35 |
| Refused to disclose result | 131 | 293 | 44.7 | 1.45 | 1.14, 1.84 | 325 | 718 | 45.3 | 1.58 | 1.35, 1.85 |
| Never tested | 2,179 | 6,333 | 34.4 | 1.00 | Referent | 2,610 | 8,025 | 32.5 | 1.00 | Referent |
| Active pulmonary TB | ||||||||||
| Yes | 35 | 92 | 38.0 | 1.27 | 0.83, 1.95 | 28 | 99 | 28.3 | 0.90 | 0.58, 1.40 |
| No | 3,765 | 11,392 | 33.0 | 1.00 | Referent | 6,877 | 22,215 | 31.0 | 1.00 | Referent |
| Educational attainmentc | ||||||||||
| None | 85 | 276 | 30.8 | 1.14 | 0.87, 1.50 | 411 | 1,411 | 29.1 | 1.08 | 0.95, 1.23 |
| Primary | 727 | 2,589 | 28.1 | 1.00 | Referent | 2,258 | 8,264 | 27.3 | 1.00 | Referent |
| Lower secondary | 833 | 2,824 | 29.5 | 1.10 | 0.98, 1.24 | 1,802 | 5,871 | 30.7 | 1.18 | 1.10, 1.28 |
| Upper secondary | 1,544 | 4,366 | 35.4 | 1.45 | 1.29, 1.62 | 1,804 | 5,282 | 34.2 | 1.42 | 1.31, 1.53 |
| College/university | 611 | 1,429 | 42.8 | 1.83 | 1.59, 2.10 | 630 | 1,486 | 42.4 | 1.83 | 1.63, 2.05 |
Abbreviations: ARTI, annual risk of tuberculosis infection; CI, confidence interval; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; OR, odds ratio; TB, tuberculosis.
a Participants responded to a 2010 survey on the prevalence of TB and HIV and had an evaluable TB sputum sample.
b Adjusted for age and region.
c Educational attainment according to grade level was defined as follows: primary, less than grade 8; lower secondary, grade 8 or 9; and upper secondary, grade 10, 11, or 12.