Table 2.
Odds Ratios for Having a Positive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Test Result Among Zambian Adultsa According to Individual and Household Characteristics, Zambia–South Africa TB and AIDS Reduction Study, 2010
| Characteristic | Men (n = 7,684) | Women (n = 15,409) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. With Positive Test | No. at Risk | % | ORb | 95% CI | No. With Positive Test | No. at Risk | % | ORb | 95% CI | |
| Age, years | ||||||||||
| 18–24 | 77 | 2,932 | 2.6 | 1.00 | Referent | 611 | 5,554 | 11.0 | 1.00 | Referent |
| 25–29 | 143 | 1,119 | 12.8 | 5.46 | 4.09, 7.27 | 672 | 2,843 | 23.6 | 2.50 | 2.21, 2.82 |
| 30–34 | 195 | 907 | 21.5 | 10.23 | 7.76, 13.50 | 589 | 1,939 | 30.4 | 3.55 | 3.12, 4.04 |
| 35–39 | 192 | 680 | 28.2 | 15.03 | 11.33, 19.93 | 435 | 1,284 | 33.9 | 4.21 | 3.65, 4.87 |
| 40–49 | 230 | 824 | 27.9 | 14.77 | 11.23, 19.42 | 482 | 1,747 | 27.6 | 3.14 | 2.74, 3.59 |
| >50 | 125 | 1,222 | 10.2 | 4.39 | 3.27, 5.88 | 229 | 2,042 | 11.2 | 1.06 | 0.90, 1.24 |
| Region and TB risk | ||||||||||
| Rural, low ARTI | 236 | 2,341 | 10.1 | 1.00 | Referent | 588 | 4,094 | 14.4 | 1.00 | Referent |
| Urban, low ARTI | 261 | 1,563 | 16.7 | 1.96 | 1.61, 2.39 | 750 | 2,974 | 25.2 | 2.01 | 1.78, 2.28 |
| Urban (not Lusaka), high ARTI | 182 | 1,472 | 12.4 | 1.35 | 1.09, 1.67 | 603 | 2,854 | 21.1 | 1.61 | 1.42, 1.83 |
| Lusaka, high ARTI | 283 | 2,308 | 12.3 | 1.34 | 1.11, 1.63 | 1,077 | 5,487 | 19.6 | 1.47 | 1.32, 1.65 |
| Self-reported HIV status | ||||||||||
| HIV-negative | 173 | 3,041 | 5.7 | 0.44 | 0.37, 0.54 | 831 | 8,401 | 9.9 | 0.47 | 0.43, 0.53 |
| HIV-positive | 317 | 327 | 96.9 | 181.84 | 95.2, 347.3 | 1,166 | 1,200 | 97.2 | 147.95 | 104.1, 210.3 |
| Refused to disclose result | 34 | 162 | 21.0 | 1.89 | 1.25, 2.88 | 166 | 393 | 42.2 | 3.10 | 2.48, 3.87 |
| Never tested | 438 | 4,154 | 10.5 | 1.00 | Referent | 855 | 5,415 | 15.8 | 1.00 | Referent |
| Active pulmonary TB | ||||||||||
| Yes | 26 | 57 | 45.6 | 4.93 | 2.79, 8.73 | 35 | 71 | 49.3 | 3.74 | 2.29, 6.10 |
| No | 936 | 7,627 | 12.3 | 1.00 | Referent | 2,983 | 15,338 | 19.4 | 1.00 | Referent |
| Educational attainmentc | ||||||||||
| None | 31 | 191 | 16.2 | 1.06 | 0.69, 1.61 | 153 | 1,000 | 15.3 | 0.77 | 0.64, 0.94 |
| Primary | 301 | 1,862 | 16.2 | 1.00 | Referent | 1,333 | 6,006 | 22.2 | 1.00 | Referent |
| Lower secondary | 266 | 1,991 | 13.4 | 0.99 | 0.82, 1.20 | 897 | 4,069 | 22.0 | 1.03 | 0.93, 1.14 |
| Upper secondary | 262 | 2,822 | 9.3 | 0.79 | 0.66, 0.96 | 503 | 3,478 | 14.5 | 0.74 | 0.65, 0.83 |
| College/university | 102 | 818 | 12.5 | 0.71 | 0.55, 0.92 | 132 | 856 | 15.4 | 0.60 | 0.49, 0.73 |
Abbreviations: ARTI, annual risk of tuberculosis infection; CI, confidence interval; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; OR, odds ratio; TB, tuberculosis.
a Participants responded to a 2010 survey on the prevalence of TB and HIV, had an evaluable TB sputum sample, and agreed to be tested for HIV.
b Adjusted for age and region.
c Educational attainment according to grade level was defined as follows: primary, less than grade 8; lower secondary, grade 8 or 9; and upper secondary, grade 10, 11, or 12.