Table 1.
Distribution of iron status and cardiometabolic risk by sex and menopausal status
| Premenopausal women | Postmenopausal women | Men | P values | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Premenopausal vs postmenopausal women | Men vs. premenopausal women | Men vs. postmenopausal women | ||||
| n | 151 | 290 | 284 | |||
| Age (years) | 40 (33-47) | 67(57-74) | 57 (46-68.7) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.6(21.6-27) | 28.3(25.4-30.9) | 27.6(25.2-29.6) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.013 |
| Ferritin(µg/L) | 25.5 (12-45.9) | 65.9 (38.6-102.2)) | 141.3 (90.5-233.7) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| sTfR (mg/L) | 3.19 (2.63-4.05) | 3.17 (2.73-3.90) | 3.07 (2.62-3.68) | 0.758 | 0.069 | 0.038 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.0(4.6-5.4) | 5.6(5.0-6.2) | 5.5(5.0-6.1) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.504 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.2(0.9-1.5) | 1.5(1.1-2.0) | 1.5(1.1-2.3) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.542 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.16(1.09-1.25) | 1.14(0.98-1.23) | 1.13(0.96-1.22) | 0.011 | 0.001 | 0.410 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 118(108-128) | 145(130-161) | 136.7(122.6-150) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 75(68-80) | 81.5(75-89) | 81.2(75-89) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.820 |
| WC (cm) | 83(76.9-91.5) | 99.2(91.7-105.4) | 98.3(92-105.1) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.403 |
| Insulin mU/L | 5.0(4.0-8.0) | 7.0(5.0-11) | 6.0(4.0-9.0) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.147 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.17(0.78-1.89) | 1.69(1.06-2.93) | 1.58(1.01-2.60) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.141 |
| HbA1C(%) | 5.1(4.9-5.4) | 5.5(5.2-5.7) | 5.2(5.0-5.6) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Fibrinogen (g/L) | 3.5(2.9-4.0) | 3.9(3.4-4.5) | 3.5(2.9-4.1) | < 0.001 | 0.714 | < 0.001 |
| MetS and its components n(%) | ||||||
| High blood pressure¶ | 43(28.3) | 237(81.7) | 198(69.7) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.001 |
| High glucose † | 27(17.8) | 148(51.0) | 131(46.1) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.208 |
| Low HDL-C | 137(90.7) | 277(95.5) | 82(28.9) | 0.040 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| High triglycerides | 25 (16.6) | 118(40.7) | 117(41.2) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.902 |
| High WC | 94 (62.3) | 278(95.9) | 191(67.3) | < 0.001 | 0.296 | < 0.001 |
| MetS | 51(33.8) | 257(88.6) | 144(50.7) | < 0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 |
| Smoking n(%) | ||||||
| Yes | 64(42.4) | 47(16.2) | 85(29.9) | |||
| No | 58(38.4) | 184(63.4) | 73(25.7) | |||
| Ex-smoker | 29(19.2) | 59(20.3) | 126(44.4) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption n(%) | 79(52.3) | 108(37.2) | 230(81) | 0.002 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease n(%) | 12(7.9) | 150(51.7) | 102(35.9) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes n(%) | 3(2.0) | 27(9.3) | 20(7.0) | 0.002 | 0.017 | 0.201 |
Data are median (interquartile range) or n(%). Comparison between groups by Mann-Whitney U and χ2 test. BMI, body mass index. sTfR, soluble transferrin receptor. TG, triglycerides. SBP, systolic blood pressure. DBP, diastolic blood pressure. WC, waist circumference. HDL-C, HDL cholesterol. MetS, metabolic syndrome. HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance.
†
Includes additionally individuals who reported current use of oral hypoglycemic medications or insulin regardless of fasting glucose values.
¶
Includes additionally individuals who reported current use of antihypertensive medications regardless of blood pressure values.