Table 4. Predictors of pre-hypertension* at study measurement among 7368** adults in the Non-Communicable Disease Risk-Factor Survey of Bangladesh, 2010.
| Urban (n = 3600) | Rural (n = 3807) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total n (%) | Pre-Hypertension Prevalence n (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR§ (95% CI) | Total n (%) | Pre-Hypertension Prevalence n (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR§ (95% CI) | |
| 1604 (44.5) | 1583 (41.5) | |||||||
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female | 1925 (53.5) | 762 (39.6) | Ref. | Ref. | 2053 (53.8) | 795 (38.7) | Ref. | Ref. |
| Male | 1675 (46.5) | 842 (50.3) | 1.5 (1.4 - 1.8) | 2.0 (1.5 - 2.6) | 1761 (46.2) | 788 (44.8) | 1.3 (1.1 - 1.5) | 1.1 (0.8 - 1.5) |
| Age | ||||||||
| 25-34 | 1552 (43.1) | 584 (37.6) | Ref. | Ref. | 1368 (35.9) | 505 (36.9) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 35-44 | 1030 (28.6) | 467 (45.3) | 1.4 (1.2 - 1.6) | 1.3 (1.1 - 1.5) | 1064 (27.9) | 452 (42.5) | 1.3 (1.1 - 1.5) | 1.3 (1.1 - 1.5) |
| 45-54 | 607 (16.9) | 322 (53.1) | 1.9 (1.5 - 2.3) | 1.8 (1.4 - 2.2) | 746 (19.6) | 330 (44.2) | 1.4 (1.1 - 1.6) | 1.5 (1.2 - 1.8) |
| 55-64 | 274 (7.6) | 152 (55.5) | 2.1 (1.6 - 2.7) | 2.1 (1.6 - 2.8) | 367 (9.6) | 162 (44.1) | 1.4 (1.1 - 1.7) | 1.5 (1.2 - 2.0) |
| 65+ | 137 (3.8) | 79 (57.7) | 2.3 (1.6 - 3.2) | 2.4 (1.6 - 3.7) | 269 (7.1) | 134 (49.8) | 1.7 (1.3 - 2.2) | 1.8 (1.3 - 2.4) |
| Education | ||||||||
| No education | 1223 (34.0) | 507(41.5) | Ref. | Ref. | 1899 (49.8) | 767 (40.4) | Ref. | Ref. |
| Less than primary | 546 (15.2) | 219 (40.1) | 0.9 (0.8 - 1.2) | 0.9 (0.8 - 1.1) | 658 (17.3) | 262 (39.8) | 1.0 (0.8 - 1.2) | 0.9 (0.8 - 1.1) |
| Primary school | 372 (10.3) | 161 (43.3) | 1.1 (0.9 - 1.4) | 0.9 (0.7 - 1.1) | 458 (12.0) | 180 (39.3) | 1.0 (0.8 - 1.2) | 0.9 (0.7 - 1.1) |
| Secondary School | 691 (19.2) | 307 (44.4) | 1.1 (0.9 - 1.4) | 0.9 (0.7 - 1.1) | 551 (14.5) | 250 (45.4) | 1.2 (1.0 - 1.5) | 1.0 (0.8 - 1.2) |
| Higher secondary and above | 768 (21.3) | 410 (53.4) | 1.6 (1.4 - 1.9) | 0.9 (0.7 - 1.2) | 248 (6.5) | 124 (50.0) | 1.5 (1.1 - 1.9) | 1.0 (0.7 - 1.3) |
| Occupation | ||||||||
| Professional employment† | 1393 (38.7) | 705 (50.6) | Ref. | Ref. | 1469 (38.5) | 639 (43.5) | Ref. | Ref. |
| Unemployed/retired | 131 (3.6) | 75 (57.3) | 1.3 (0.9 - 1.9) | 0.8 (0.5 - 1.3) | 136 (3.6) | 82 (60.3) | 2.0 (1.4 - 2.8) | 1.7 (1.1 - 2.5) |
| Industrial worker/Day Laborer | 331 (9.2) | 120 (36.3) | 0.6 (0.4 - 0.7) | 0.7 (0.6 - 1.0) | 275 (7.1) | 119 (43.3) | 1.0 (0.8 - 1.3) | 1.3 (1.0 - 1.6) |
| Homemaker | 1496 (41.6) | 614 (41.0) | 0.7 (0.6 - 0.8) | 1.1 (0.8 - 1.4) | 1834 (48.1) | 705 (38.4) | 0.8 (0.7 - 0.9) | 0.9 (0.6 - 1.2) |
| Other‡ | 249 (6.9) | 90 (36.1) | 0.6 (0.4 - 0.7) | 0.7 (0.5 - 1.0) | 100 (2.6) | 38 (38.0) | 0.8 (0.5 - 1.2) | 0.8 (0.5 - 1.2) |
| Wealth Indices‖ | ||||||||
| 1st Wealth Quartile | 517 (14.4) | 174 (33.7) | Ref. | Ref. | 1411 (37.0) | 504 (35.7) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 2nd Wealth Quartile | 725 (36.3) | 278 (38.3) | 1.2 (1.0 - 1.6) | 1.1 (0.9 - 1.4) | 1272 (33.4) | 518 (40.7) | 1.2 (1.1 - 1.4) | 1.2 (1.0 - 1.4) |
| 3rd Wealth Quartile | 1019 (28.3) | 437 (42.9) | 1.5 (1.2 - 1.8) | 1.1 (0.9 - 1.5) | 818 (21.5) | 389 (47.6) | 1.6 (1.4 -1.9) | 1.4 (1.1 - 1.7) |
| 4th Wealth Quartile | 1339 (37.2) | 715 (53.4) | 2.3 (1.8 - 2.8) | 1.5 (1.1 - 1.94) | 313 (8.2) | 172 (55.0) | 2.2 (1.7 - 2.8) | 1.6 (1.2 - 2.1) |
| BMIa | ||||||||
| Underweight (≤18.5) | 721 (20.3) | 218 (30.2) | Ref. | Ref. | 1326 (34.8) | 426 (32.1) | Ref. | Ref. |
| Normal (18.6 - 25) | 2088 (58.6) | 934 (44.7) | 1.9 (1.6 - 2.2) | 2.0 (1.6 - 2.4) | 2165 (56.9) | 953 (44.0) | 1.7 (1.4 - 1.9) | 1.7 (1.5 - 2.0) |
| Overweight (25.1 - 30) | 615 (17.3) | 350 (56.9) | 3.0 (2.4 - 3.8) | 3.1 (2.5 - 4.0) | 280 (7.6) | 179 (63.9) | 3.7 (2.9 - 4.9) | 3.6 (2.7 - 4.9) |
| Obese (>30) | 137 (3.9) | 89 (65.0) | 4.3 (2.9 - 6.3) | 4.6 (3.1 - 7.0) | 36 (1.0) | 21 (58.3) | 3.0 (1.5 - 5.8) | 3.0 (1.5 - 5.9) |
| Alcohol Use | ||||||||
| Never | 3297 (91.6) | 1459 (44.3) | Ref. | Ref. | 3695 (96.9) | 1529 (41.3) | Ref. | Ref. |
| Ever alcohol use | 303 (8.4) | 145 (47.9) | 1.2 (0.9 - 1.5) | 0.9 (0.7 - 1.2) | 119 (3.1) | 57 (47.9) | 1.3 (0.9 - 1.9) | 1.24 (0.8 - 1.8) |
| Diabetesb | ||||||||
| No | 3052 (84.8) | 1299 (42.6) | Ref. | Ref. | 3567 (93.5) | 1469 (41.2) | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 548 (15.2) | 305 (55.7) | 1.7 (1.4 - 2.0) | 1.2 (1.0 - 1.5) | 247 (6.5) | 114 (46.2) | 1.2 (0.9 - 1.6) | 0.90 (0.70 - 1.2) |
| Tobacco Usec | ||||||||
| Non-tobacco user | 1933 (53.7) | 865 (44.8) | Ref. | Ref. | 1684 (44.2) | 729 (43.3) | Ref. | Ref. |
| Tobacco user | 1667 (46.3) | 739 (44.3) | 1.0 (0.9 - 1.1) | 0.9 (0.7-1.0) | 2130 (55.9) | 854 (40.1) | 0.9 (0.8 - 1.0) | 0.8 (0.7 - 0.9) |
Abbreviations: OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence intervals, Ref = referent category.
Pre-Hypertension was defined as SBP ≥120 mmHg but < 140 mmHg and/or DBP ≥ 80 mmHg but <90 mmHg and not taking anti-hypertensive medication at the time of the survey
46 dropped from sample due to missing Body mass index (BMI) values
Model adjusted for all variables included in table: sex, age, education, occupation, wealth index, BMI, alcohol use, diabetes, tobacco use
Professional includes: government employee, non-government employee, business owner, farmer, agricultural worker, and other self-employed
Other includes: beggar, rickshaw pullers, cook, carpenter, tailor, security guard, migrant workers and fishermen
Wealth index was calculated using principal component analysis using data collected on household ownership of the following items: electricity, flushable toilet, land phone, cell phone, television, radio, refrigerator, private car, motor cycle, washing machine, bicycle, sewing machine, almirah/wardrobe, table, bed, chair/bench, watch/clock, as well as, type of main material used to build their homes roof, walls and floor.
BMI calculated by weight in kilogram divided by height in meter squared
Based on self-report
Tobacco use includes smokeless and smoke tobacco